At mitosis, focal adhesions disassemble and the signal transduction from focal adhesions is inactivated. We have found that components of focal adhesions including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, and p130 CAS (CAS) are serine/threonine phosphorylated during mitosis when all three proteins are tyrosine dephosphorylated. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation continues past cytokinesis and is re...

In this study, we evaluated the anti-melanogenesis effects of Caffeoylserotonin (CaS) in B16 melanoma cells. Treatment with CaS reduced the melanin content and tyrosinase (TYR) activity in B16 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. CaS inhibited the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, including microphthalmia- associated transcription factor (MITF), TYR, and tyrosinase-related pro...

CRISPR-Cas is an RNA-mediated adaptive immune system that defends bacteria and archaea against mobile genetic elements. Short mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are key elements in the interference step of the immune pathway. A CRISPR array composed of a series of repeats interspaced by spacer sequences acquired from invading mobile genomes is transcribed as a precursor crRNA (pre-crRNA) molecule. Thi...

Type I CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems exist in bacterial and archaeal organisms and provide immunity against foreign DNA. The Cas protein content of the DNA interference complexes (termed Cascade) varies between different CRISPR-Cas subtypes. A minimal variant of the Type I-F system was identified in proteobacterial species inc...

CRISPR-Cas systems are RNA-guided immune systems that protect prokaryotes against viruses and other invaders. The CRISPR locus encodes crRNAs that recognize invading nucleic acid sequences and trigger silencing by the associated Cas proteins. There are multiple CRISPR-Cas systems with distinct compositions and mechanistic processes. Thermococcus kodakarensis (Tko) is a hyperthermophilic euryarc...

A powerful contributor to prokaryotic evolution is horizontal gene transfer (HGT) through transformation, conjugation, and transduction, which can be advantageous, neutral, or detrimental to fitness. Bacteria and archaea control HGT and phage infection through CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) adaptive immunity. Although the benefi...

dans cet article i' intervalle entre deux trains successifs a ete etudie en fonction de leur vitesses dans deux cas differents. dans ie premier cas ,on suppose que la vitesse des deux trains a une valeur constante, et on etudie les variations de l'intervalle minimum en fonction de la vitesse on determine la vitesse optimale et on etudie les variations de l'intervalle minimum en f...

Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems are characterized by effector modules consisting of single, large, multidomain proteins that appear to have been derived from mobile genetic elements. Some Class 2 effector proteins, such as Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1), have been successfully repurposed for genome engineering.

UNLABELLED During starvation-induced development of Myxococcus xanthus, thousands of rod-shaped cells form mounds in which they differentiate into spores. The dev locus includes eight genes followed by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), comprising a CRISPR-Cas system (Cas stands for CRISPR associated) typically involved in RNA interference. Mutations in devS or...