Purpose Prior studies suggest that corporate cash holding will reflect firms' governance (CG) environment. Consistent with this prediction, study aims to examine the impact of board characteristics on in UK, France and Germany. Design/methodology/approach Using 2,805 firm-year observations between 2009 2019, authors relationship holding. The used two measures holdings as our dependent variables...

The practice of income smoothing is a form dysfunctional behavior in earnings management that rife this era rapid business development, where managers intentionally change the company's financial statements with aim flattening value over several periods to make it look stable. considered as solution very unstable profit conditions. This study aims examine effect cash holding, net margin, and le...