The presence of Hippobosca equina strongly influences the behaviour and health status of horses. The aim of the study was to analyse the invasion dynamics of the forest fly in Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus gmelini) in the Popielno Forest Reserve (northeastern Poland). Observations were carried out from May to September, every two weeks for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) in five...

A 59-year-old man presented with clinical evidence of a primary tumor of the cauda equina region. It was well circumscribed and was completely removed by neurosurgery. Routine staining showed that it had structural similarities to an ependymoma, but immunohistochemistry with antisera to synaptophysin, NSE, chromogranin-A and PGP 9.5 proved it to be a neuroendocrine tumor, i.e. a paraganglioma. ...

Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The clinical presentation is variable, depending on its localisation within the nervous system. Only 1% of primary CNS lymphoma emerges in the spinal cord, and the prevalence of primary lymphoma of the cauda equina is unknown, but probably even rarer. Diagnosing primary lymphoma of the cauda equina is diffic...

Astrocytomas of Conus-Cauda equina region are rare. Astrocytomas, which are intramedullary tumors, may rarely have an extramedullary component. However, primary intradural extramedullary astrocytomas are extremely rare, with very few cases reported in the literature. We describe a giant extramedullary pilocytic astrocytoma of Cauda equina in a 20-year-old male. To the best of our knowledge, thi...

Neurinomas are common space-occupying lesions located in the spinal canal. Many reports concerning their clinical characteristics, diagnoses, treatments, and operative results have been published. Some case reports have discussed spinal neurinomas located at the cauda equina level. However, there is little information on their natural history. Here, we report a case of spinal neurinoma located ...