Some recent news media and studies reports indicate that deviant workplace behaviours, such as excessive absenteeism, extortion, the recently publicised sexual harassment of female students, known “sex for grades”, are prevalent on some campuses in Nigeria other west African nations. To mitigate these this study proposes a testable model formal control with theoretical, practical, managerial im...

Punishment can stabilize costly cooperation and ensure the success of a common project that is threatened by free-riders. Punishment mechanisms can be classified into pool punishment, where the punishment act is carried out by a paid third party, (e.g. a police system or a sheriff), and peer punishment, where the punishment act is carried out by peers. Which punishment mechanism is preferred wh...

While peer punishment sometimes motivates increased cooperation, it sometimes reduces cooperation. We use a lab experiment to study why punishment sometimes fails. We begin with a gift exchange game with punishment as it has typically been implemented therein since punishment has often backfired in this game. We modify two features of punishment that could increase its efficacy: punishment’s st...

because of a crime crisis in societies through 80’s, stabilization incriminality noticed by criminologists. a dynamic fact and stable processwhich in it, in lack of management in criminal justice, juveniles andimmature earlier criminals, might be in danger and as a result, today’spotential stabilizer criminals are tomorrow’s chronic stabilized ones.beside other ecological, mental and social cri...

The problem of death penalty is complex by definition, entailing on one hand moral considerations, as well as commitment to the universal value of the sanctity of human life, and on the other hand some down-to-earth practical considerations. By the end of 2002, 76 states abolished capital punishment altogether. Fifteen other states allow death sentence only at wartime. Bearing in mind this over...

Under our federal system of government, every state, and the federal government, has its own set of criminal laws. This means that Congress and each state legislature must determine whether to enact capital punishment in its jurisdiction. Today, 38 states and the federal government have death-penalty laws. These laws apply only to first-degree murders, those done with deliberation and calculati...

Background and Aim: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity and positive emotion regulation strategies and negative emotion regulation strategies among students. Materials and methods: 189 students studying at one of Tehran Universities were selected by accessible random sampling method, and then Emotion Regul...