Abstract The excellent scalability of the vertical channel Field Effect Diode (FED) type 1T-DRAM including Self-Heating Effect (SHE) is presented for the first time. The vertical channel FED type shows the excellent hold characteristics (100msec at 358K) even when silicon pillar diameter is scaled down to 12nm. Moreover, we also show that by employing the vertical FED type, increase of lattice ...

The mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) serves as a model system for mechanosensitive ion channels gated by the bilayer mechanism. Here we report our measurements of the distance changes of multiple residues of MscL using smFRET. These measurements were then used to develop a molecular dynamics model for the open structure of the protein. We find that its open pore size is 2.8 ...

Flow boiling in small hydraulic diameter channels is becoming increasingly important in many diverse applications. The previous studies addressing the effects of the channel size on the flow patterns, and heat transfer and pressure drop performance are reviewed in the present paper. The fundamental questions related to the presence of nucleate boiling and characteristics of flow boiling in micr...

The conformations of semiflexible (bio)polymers are studied in flow-through geometrically structured microchannels. Using mesoscale hydrodynamics simulations, we show that the polymer undergoes a rod-to-helix transition as it moves from the narrow high-velocity region into the wide low-velocity region of the channel. The transient helix formation is the result of a nonequilibrium and nonstation...

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a microbial-type rhodopsin found in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Under physiological conditions, ChR2 is an inwardly rectifying cation channel that permeates a wide range of mono- and divalent cations. Although this protein shares a high sequence homology with other microbial-type rhodopsins, which are ion pumps, ChR2 is an ion channel. A sequence alig...

OBJECTIVES Pancreaticobiliary maljunction without bile duct dilatation (nondilated type) is rare in children, and its definition remains unclear. There is controversy over treatment between pediatric and adult patients. We reevaluated our previous definition of the nondilated type in children (common bile duct diameter <or=6 mm on cholangiography). PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 150 children with pa...

The structure of bacteriophage lambda has been studied by electron microscopy of negatively stained particles. The phage particles will eject their DNA if they are heated or dialyzed against a chelating agent. The ghost particles, so formed, have a channel running down their tails. Since the channel is not visible in normal particles, the channel may be filled with part of the DNA molecule. Up ...

using of nanofluids and ducts with corrugated walls are both supposed to enhance heat transfer, by increasing the heat transfer fluid conductivity and the heat transfer area respectively. use of a diverging duct with a jet at inlet section may further increase heat transfer by creating recirculation zones inside the duct. in this work two-dimensional incompressible laminar flow of a nanofluid e...

How ion channels are gated to regulate ion flux in and out of cells is the subject of intense interest. The Escherichia coli mechanosensitive channel, MscS, opens to allow rapid ion efflux, relieving the turgor pressure that would otherwise destroy the cell. We present a 3.45 angstrom-resolution structure for the MscS channel in an open conformation. This structure has a pore diameter of approx...