the US market as two serotypes, is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal. Since its development for therapeutic use more than 30 years ago, the agent has proven extremely versatile for a range of neurologic indications and even for cosmetic uses. Currently, there are four preparations of botulinum toxin available in the US, three for botulinum toxin type A an...

The relation of the lethal toxin to the hemolysin produced by Clostridium septicum, strain 44, has been investigated. The following results suggest that the hemolytic and lethal actions of crude toxin are functions of a single substance or that they are functions of two substances which have similar physical, chemical, and antigenic properties. (1) Within the limits of experimental error, the l...

Generation of supramolecular architectures through controlled linking of suitable building blocks can offer new perspectives to medicine and applied technologies. Current linking strategies often rely on chemical methods that have limitations and cannot take full advantage of the recombinant technologies. Here we used SNARE proteins, namely, syntaxin, SNAP25, and synaptobrevin, which form stabl...

association of cluster headache and secondary blepharospasm bagheri a, md*; mohammadi m, md; khosravi fard k, md; harooni g, md ophthalmic research center, shahid beheshti university of medical sciences, tehran, iran * corresponding author: [email protected] purpose: to report a case of cluster headache associated with secondary blepharospasm and its management. case report: a 37-year-old ...

A system of two ordinary differential equations is proposed to model chemically-mediated interactions between plants and herbivores by incorporating a toxin-modifiednumerical response. This numerical response accounts for the reduction in her-bivore's growth reproduction due chemical defenses from plants. It shownthat exhibits very rich dynamics including saddle-node bifurcations, Hopfbifurcati...

Shiga toxin (Stx), cholera toxin (Ctx), and the plant toxin ricin are among several toxins that reach their intracellular destinations via a complex route. Following endocytosis, these toxins travel in a retrograde direction through the endosomal system to the trans-Golgi network, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There the toxins are transported across the ER membrane to the cyt...

On the scaffold: Grafting protein epitopes onto conformationally designed scaffolds represents a very promising approach to protein ligand design, with potential applications in many areas of chemical biology and molecular medicine. The highlighted article describes the design and anticancer activity of novel p53/MDM2 inhibitors built upon a scorpion toxin scaffold. Other approaches to protein ...

Purified diphtheria antitoxic horse pseudoglobulin has been prepared which is homogeneous by sedimentation, diffusion, and electrophoresis. Immunologically, however, the preparation contains only 43.5 per cent antitoxin specifically precipitable by toxin. The inactive pseudoglobulin remaining after specific precipitation was found to have the same physical and chemical properties as the origina...

Scorpion venom contains different toxins with multiple biological functions. IMe-AGAP is the first Analgesic-Antitumor like Peptide (AGAP) isolated from Iranian scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus. This peptide is similar to AGAP toxin with high analgesic activity, extracted from Chinese scorpion and inhibits NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 voltage-gated sodium channels involved in the ...