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Marines deployed to Verdun in the Toulon sector during World War I got a unique introduction reality of modern warfare there. During this training and acclimatization period, they experienced hardships trench their first combat casualties war. Yet, most histories omit preparatory experiences 4th Brigade U.S. at valuable lessons period conferred, an oversight which article seeks begin correct.

This article reviews the evidence supporting the efficacy of antidotes used or recommended for the potential chemical warfare agents of most concern. Chemical warfare agents considered include cyanide, vesicants, pulmonary irritants such as chlorine and phosgene, and nerve agents. The strength of evidence for most antidotes is weak, highlighting the need for additional research in this area.

BACKGROUND Before 1999, there was no national model or standard doctrine for managing casualties from chemical incidents in the UK. A Department of Health (DoH) initiative to prepare the National Health Service (NHS) for chemical incidents was launched in the same year. This led to the distribution of an NHS standard chemical personal protective equipment suit (CPPE) together with a new single ...

Multifunctional ultra-high vacuum apparatus for studies of the interactions of chemical warfare agents on complex surfaces Report Title A fundamental understanding of the surface chemistry of chemical warfare agents is needed to fully predict the interaction of these toxic molecules with militarily relevant materials, catalysts, and environmental surfaces. For example, rules for predicting the ...