abstract aims: the chemical elements in water resources, especially groundwater, can affect the water consumption purposes. the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of the overall pollution level of ground water of qaleeh shahin plain with respect to heavy metals by cd and hei methods. instrument & methods: this cross-sectional semi-experimental study was conducted in sarpol-e zahab tow...

background: the concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues and organs of fishes indicate the concentrations of heavy metals in water and their accumulation in food chains. in the present study, the concentrations of zn, cu, cd, ni, v and pb in three common species of fish and the potential health risks to local residents via consumption of the fishes were estimated.  methods: the concentrati...

Predictions of surface water exposure to "down-the-drain" chemicals are presented which employ grid-based spatially-referenced data on average monthly runoff, population density, country-specific per capita domestic water and substance use rates and sewage treatment provision. Water and chemical load are routed through the landscape using flow directions derived from digital elevation data, acc...

The term 'ultrapure water' is a common way to define water used for on-line treatments: it refers to the absence of chemical, organic and microbiological contamination. To be more accurate in definition, every known and potential contaminant has to be fixed at its limit value. AAMI recommendations and various Pharmacopoeias have set limits for dialysate based on traditional dialysis treatments,...

Inorganic aluminum or iron salts have been used for many decades to coagulate colloidal particles in surface water prior to flocculation, sedimentation and/or filtration. Although effective, inorganic coagulants have several disadvantages including large chemical dosages required for treating eutrophic waters, large volumes of chemical sludge produced, and toxic effects of metallic coagulants o...