Short-chain halogenated aliphatics, such as chlorinated ethenes, constitute a large group of priority pollutants. This paper gives an overview on the chemical and physical properties of chlorinated aliphatics that are critical in determining their toxicological characteristics and recalcitrance to biodegradation. The toxic effects and principle metabolic pathways of halogenated ethenes in mamma...

The unambiguous identification and quantification of hazardous materials is of increasing importance in many sectors such as waste disposal, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and environmental protection. One particular problem in waste disposal and chemical manufacturing is the identification of solvents into chlorinated or non-chlorinated. In this work we have used Raman spectroscopy as the basis...

The glucosylation of pollutant and pesticide metabolites in plants controls their bioactivity and the formation of subsequent chemical residues. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains >100 glycosyltransferases (GTs) dedicated to small-molecule conjugation and, whereas 44 of these enzymes catalyze the O-glucosylation of chlorinated phenols, only one, UGT72B1, shows appreciable N-glucosyla...

The complex mixture pentachlorophenol and by-products of its synthesis is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. This conclusion is supported by mechanistic studies whose findings are consistent with the biological plausibility of its carc...

Prenatal pesticide exposures may adversely affect children's health. However, exposure and health research is hampered by the lack of reliable fetal exposure data. No studies have been published that report measurements of commonly used nonpersistent pesticides in human amniotic fluid, although recent studies of pesticides in urine from pregnant women and in meconium indicate that fetuses are e...

approved: LRedacted for Privacy Kenneth J. Williamson Chlorinated phenols are toxic compounds and often released into natural environments from improper disposal or non-point sources. One important factor in assessing the environmental fate and transport is the rates of microbial degradation in soils and natural waters. In this study, eight chlorophenols (4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-dichlorophen...

A series of p- and m-substituted phenols were examined for their effect on the cyclooxygenase activity of prostaglandin H synthase in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 and 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. A biphasic response was observed. At low concentrations phenols stimulate, but at higher concentrations inhibit, cyclooxygenase activity. Both enhancement and inhibition are increased by phenolic substi...

Electrochemical oxidation of some p-substituted phenols (p-nitrophenol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phenol, p-cresol, and p-methoxyphenol) with electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents was studied to reveal the relationship between the structure and the electrochemical reactivity of p-substituted phenols using a boron-doped diamond electrode by voltammetry and bulk electrolysis. Voltammetric ...

the kinetics of iodination of the phenol and substituted phenols using pyridiniumiodochloride in methanol has been studied under varying conditions. the rates show first orderkinetics each in pyridinium iodochloride and phenols. the rates of reactions are measured atdifferent temperature and activation parameters for all phenols computed. hammett plot is foundto be valid and the corrletion betw...