AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical workload and injury risk in elite youth football players. METHODS The workload data and injury incidence of 32 players were monitored throughout 2 seasons. Multiple regression was used to compare cumulative (1, 2, 3 and 4-weekly) loads and acute:chronic (A:C) workload ratios (acute workload divided by chronic w...

BACKGROUND Chronic whiplash leads to considerable patient suffering and substantial societal costs. There are two competing hypothesis on the etiology of chronic whiplash. The traditional organic hypothesis considers chronic whiplash and related symptoms a result of a specific injury. In opposition is the hypothesis that chronic whiplash is a functional somatic syndrome, and related symptoms a ...

We currently recognise that environmental toxins such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic play a significant role in the development of chronic renal failure. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between exposure to these metals and the presence of chronic kidney injury. The physiopathological mechanisms behind metal-induced kidney injury are complex, and some aspects of their meta...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the second prevalent organ damage among COVID-19 infected individuals, which mainly affects those with critical diseases or underlying disorders. Emerging data have suggested that AKI associated adverse outcomes, severe disease, and high mortality. However, true nature pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated injury, its effect on patients transplant recipients, still...

On a worldwide perspective chronic liver diseases (CLDs) are very common pathologic conditions which are characterized by reiteration of hepatocyte injury that is mainly induced by chronic infection by hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), autoimmune injury and metabolic and/or toxic/drug – induced causes, with chronic alcohol consumption being predominant particularly in western countries. ...

Chronic morphine (CM) treatment increases the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which confers neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Besides its important regulatory role in the proliferation, metabolism, and survival of cells, the mTOR is critically involved in intracellular signaling events during I/R injury. In the present study, we investigated...

Chronic morphine (CM) treatment increases the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which confers neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Besides its important regulatory role in the proliferation, metabolism, and survival of cells, the mTOR is critically involved in intracellular signaling events during I/R injury. In the present study, we investigated...

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activity contributes to synaptic plasticity, a key mechanism for learning, memory and chronic pain. Although the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been reported as an important cortical region for neuronal mechanisms underlying the induction and expression of chronic pain, it has yet to be investigated whether or not Erk activity in the ACC may ...

ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Accordingly, CKD patients show a substantial increased of mortality. Inflammation important link between and CVD. The interaction endothelial cells effector the innate immune system plays central role in development progression inflammation. Vascular injury causes dysfunction, leading ...

To explore the analgesic effect of electro-acupuncture on neuropathic pain model rats and to clarify mechanism analgesia from perspective vesicular glutamate transporter 2/toll like receptor 4 signal pathway. A total 30 specific pathogen free grade adult male Sprague-Dawley were selected. The randomly divided into group (chronic constriction injury), sham operation group, non-electro-acupunctur...