BACKGROUND Animal vision spans a great range of complexity, with systems evolving to detect variations in light intensity, distribution, colour, and polarisation. Polarisation vision systems studied to date detect one to four channels of linear polarisation, combining them in opponent pairs to provide intensity-independent operation. Circular polarisation vision has never been seen, and is wide...

Observations are presented in which the standard dual-polarization meteorological quantities (ZDR, f dp, and rHV) are determined from simultaneous horizontal (H) and vertical (V) transmissions. The return signals are measured in parallel H and V receiving channels. Because the parameters are determined from simultaneous measurements they are not affected by Doppler phase shifts that increase th...

This study investigated how substrate geometry influences in-vitro tissue formation at length scales much larger than a single cell. Two-millimetre thick hydroxyapatite plates containing circular pores and semi-circular channels of 0.5 mm radius, mimicking osteons and hemi-osteons respectively, were incubated with MC3T3-E1 cells for 4 weeks. The amount and shape of the tissue formed in the pore...

The sorting of biological cells or particles immersed in a fluid is frequent goal the domain microfluidics. One approach for such using inertial effects that are present curved channels. In this study, we propose new focusing microfluidic devices. investigated channels had form helical channel with circular cross-section, and were spherical. We identified key parameters influence cell results t...

The present numerical work deals with the optimization of micro-channel heat sink using irreversibility analysis. nanofluid Al2O3-water different nanoparticles concentration and temperature-dependent property is chosen as a coolant. flow considered fully developed, steady, laminar in constant cross-section circular channels. Navier-Stokes energy equations are solved for single-phase total mass ...

Voltage-gated sodium channels are dynamic membrane proteins essential for signaling in nervous and muscular systems. They undergo substantial conformational changes associated with the closed, open and inactivated states. However, little information is available regarding their conformational stability. In this study circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes in seconda...