The meaning and scope of the fourteenth amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 remain among the most controversial issues in American constitutional law. Professor Kaczorowski contends that the issues have generated more controversy than they warrant , in part because scholars analyzing the legislative history of the amendment and statute have approached their task with preconceptions refle...

Empirical studies often use Freedom House ratings for Political Rights and/or Civil Liberties as institutional proxies for the degree of democracy. In this study, Granger-causality tests are used which reveal that Political Rights tend to precede Civil Liberties, but not the reverse, in a panel data set of former Soviet Republics. For transition nations, Freedom House also publishes a separate ...

by the widespread of international relations, the issues related to private international law, particularly the entitlement of foreigners to the civil rights, have become more important. in the iranian law, although the entitlement of foreigners to the civil rights has been recognized as a principle as per article 961 of the civil code, but its three paragraphs provides certain exceptions. owin...

there is a doubt about pledge of intellectual property rights in considering of articles 774 and 772 of iranian civil code. the principal goal of this paper is the reforming study of the roots of these articles.in the first chapter, we argue that is it feasible to pledge intangible things? and in the second one, we suggest some solutions for their delivery.

Human rights are the basic standards that people need to live in dignity. In addition to the rights that are available to all people, there are rights that apply only to children. Children need special rights because of their unique needs; they need additional protection that adults don’t. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international document that sets out all of...

one of the issues in the field of inheritance is the inheritance of credential-right by the wife from the husband’s trades. unfortunately, iranian statute law has not specified this verdict, and article 445 of civil law merely states that: ‘each of the credentials, after death, is transferred to the heir.’ although the ruling is applicable to the mentioned article regarding the inheritance of c...