Pharmaceutical product and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be contaminated by other pharmaceutical products or APIs, by cleaning agents, by microorganisms or by other materials e.g. air borne particle, dust, lubricants, raw materials, intermediates. Mainly cleaning is performed to remove product and non-product contaminating material. Ineffective cleaning can lead to adulterated pr...

Microbial damages caused by biofilm forming bacteria in the dairy industry are a fundamental threat to safety and quality of dairy products. In order to ensure the optimal level of equipment hygiene in the dairy industry, it is necessary to determine the biofilm removal efficiency of cleaning agents used for cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures. However, currently there is no standard method avai...

BACKGROUND In recent years, cleaning has been identified as an occupational risk because of an increased incidence of reported respiratory effects, such as asthma and asthma-like symptoms among cleaning workers. Due to the lack of systematic occupational hygiene analyses and workplace exposure data, it is not clear which cleaning-related exposures induce or aggravate asthma and other respirator...

improving cleaning and disinfection performance must be taken into account for prevention and control of infection. health care settings are engaged in a battle against healthcare associated infection (hais). the importance of infection prevention and control is increasing due to rapidly developing strains of multi-drug resistant organisms (mdros) that can result in serious illness and even dea...

The process cleaning rate theorem holds that the static rate (chemical forces) plus the dynamic cleaning rate (mechanical forces) equals the process cleaning rate. New lead-free flux residues result from more demanding soldering drivers created by high soldering temperature, surface tension effects, and miniaturization. Lead-Free flux compositions require thermal stability, resistance against b...

Data cleaning is, in fact, a lively subject that has played an important part in the history of data management and data analytics, and it still is undergoing rapid development. Moreover, data cleaning is considered as a main challenge in the era of big data, due to the increasing volume, velocity and variety of data in many applications. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent work in...

Laser cleaning experiments exhibited a higher cleaning efficiency of the laser cleaning upon application of electrochemical potential on an oxidised iron surface. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of such an electrochemical control on cleaning efficiency. Therefore a study by optical spectrometry at normal incidence in the relevant conditions was performed. From these measureme...

BACKGROUND In recent times, it has been proposed to classify endodontic files as single-use items due to a perceived inability to adequately clean the instruments. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the surface debris on files removed from the manufacturer's packaging, and after cleaning using an ultrasonic bath or a thermal disinfector. METHODS Stainless steel and rotary nickel...

Surgical instruments are often strongly contaminated with patients' blood and tissues, possibly containing pathogens. The reuse of contaminated instruments without adequate cleaning and sterilization can cause postoperative inflammation and the transmission of infectious diseases from one patient to another. Thus, based on the stringent sterility requirements, the development of highly efficien...