UNLABELLED Umeclidinium bromide (GSK573719; UMEC), a new long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA), is in development with vilanterol (GW642444; VI), a selective long-acting β(2) agonist (LABA), as a once-daily inhaled combination therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A single dose healthy volunteer study was conducted to assess the safety and tolera...

BACKGROUND AVI-014 is an egg white-derived, recombinant, human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). This healthy volunteer study is the first human investigation of AVI-014. METHODS 24 male and female subjects received a single subcutaneous injection of AVI-014 at 4 or 8 mcg/kg. 16 control subjects received 4 or 8 mcg/kg of filgrastim (Neupogen, Amgen) in a partially blinded, parall...

Purpose. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common cause of liver injury and a serious clinical problem; antimycotics are involved in approximately 3% of all DILI cases. The hepatotoxicity of many drugs, including the antimycotics, is poorly screened in human models. Methods. In a standardized assay the cytotoxicity on hepatocytes of different concentrations (Cmax, 5x Cmax, and 10x Cm...

Oral oltipraz, as a single-dose treatment, was evaluated as a chemopreventive agent in 31 normal subjects. In a subset of subjects, the relationship between plasma oltipraz concentrations and the induction of lymphocyte glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme levels was evaluated. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed nonlinear disposition of oltipraz with disproportionate 40-f...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the bioequivalence of generic (test) and branded (reference) formulations of betamethasone injectable suspension in healthy Iranian subjects for the purpose of meeting regulatory requirements for bioequivalence of the generic formulation in Iran. METHODS 24 healthy Iranian male volunteers were participated for this single-dose, randomized, ope...

OBJECTIVES Comparative in vivo studies were carried out to determine the adsorption characteristics of amitriptyline (AMT) on activated charcoal (AC) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS). AC has been long used as gastric decontamination agent for tricyclic antidepressants and SPS has showed to be highly effective on in-vitro drugs adsorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats w...

The disposition of S-benzyl-glutathione (BSG) in male Wistar rats was evaluated by the HPLC method to examine whether the kidney and liver contributed independently to the biosynthesis of S-benzyl-N-acetylcysteine (BNAc), a mercapturic acid (Chart 1). After intravenous injection, BSG was rapidly transported in both the kidney and the liver at a ratio of about 7:3. Simultaneously, a large amount...

The methodology to distinguish the patients showing considerable fluctuation of the whole blood concentration of cyclosporin A (CYA) was investigated from a viewpoint of laboratory test values. First, we retrospectively examined the CYA trough blood concentrations monitored continuously. The patients were classified into three groups by the fluctuation of CYA trough blood concentrations during ...

Based upon the known potential interaction between omeprazole (OMP) and clopidogrel (CLOP), the current study was designed to evaluate the effect of CLOP on disposition of OMP and its two major metabolites, 5-hydroxyomeprazole (5-OH-OMP) and omeprazole sulfone (OMP-S) in healthy clinical subjects. A randomized, open label, 2-period, crossover study was designed. Twelve volunteers were selected,...

Canopy interception, throughfall, stemflow, and runoff have received considerable attention during the study of water balance and hydrological processes in forested ecosystems. Past research has either neglected or underestimated the role of hydrological functions of litter layers, although some studies have considered the impact of various characteristics of rainfall and litter on litter inter...