Criminal sanctions involve the deliberate infliction of hardship on offenders.1 In sentencing, the state acts in its most coercive and decisive manner: ‘the state may use its most awesome power: the power to use force against its citizens and others’.2 Despite the importance of the interests at stake in the sentencing realm, sentencing is arguably the least coherent, predictable and principled ...

We report electrical manipulation of magnetization processes in a ferromagnetic semiconductor, in which low-density carriers are responsible for the ferromagnetic interaction. The coercive force HC at which magnetization reversal occurs can be manipulated by modifying the carrier density through application of electric fields in a gated structure. Electrically assisted magnetization reversal, a...

High-resolution magnetic imaging is of utmost importance to understand magnetism at the nanoscale. In the present work, we use a magnetic force microscope (MFM) operating under in-plane magnetic field in order to observe with high accuracy the domain configuration changes in Co nanowires as a function of the externally applied magnetic field. The main result is the quantitative evaluation of th...

The PRC’s surface-to-surface missile forces would be a major factor in an invasion scenario, such as the one we assess in the main body of this report. China’s missiles would also be at the heart of many other coercive strategies aimed at Taiwan, ranging from the kinds of exercises held in 1995 and 1996 to actual employment against military, political, and economic targets in an attempt to use ...

In this communication we present a new sol–gel route to obtain high quality BaFe12O19 thin films. X-ray analysis confirmed the crystal structure with a crystal size of 32 nm. Atomic force microscopy images determined the film thickness to be around 250 nm and a roughness factor of less than 40 nm where the grain size averaged around 150 nm. SQUID magnetometer data shows a magnetic behavior simi...

Polarization reversal in ferroelectric nanomesas of polyvinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene has been probed by ultrahigh vacuum piezoresponse force microscopy in a wide temperature range from 89 to 326 K. In dramatic contrast to the macroscopic data, the piezoresponse force microscopy local switching was nonthermally activated and, at the same time, occurring at electric fields significa...

Following a pre-registered study design, we estimated the effect of police force-wide domestic abuse training on arrests for new crime ‘controlling or coercive behaviour’. Using data monthly counts arrest controlling behaviour in 33 forces, performed negative binomial difference-in-difference analysis and capitalised differences intervention timing to undertake an event study. Training was asso...

OBJECTIVE Involuntary treatment in mental health care is a sensitive but rarely studied issue. This study was part of the European Evaluation of Coercion in Psychiatry and Harmonization of Best Clinical Practice (EUNOMIA) project. It assessed and compared the use of coercive measures in psychiatric inpatient facilities in ten European countries. METHODS The sample included 2,030 involuntarily...