Collective motions are common in crowd systems and have attracted a great deal of attention in a variety of multidisciplinary fields [2]. Collectiveness, which indicates the degree of individuals acting as a union in collective motion, is a fundamental and universal measurement for various crowd systems. Quantitatively measuring this universal property and comparing it across different crowd sy...

background: pet/ct imaging using [18f]-fdg is utilized in clinical oncology for tumor detecting, staging and responding to therapy procedures. essential consideration must be taken for radiation staff due to high gamma radiation in pet/ct and cyclotron center. the aim of this study was to assess the staff exposure regarding whole body and organ dose and to evaluate environment dose in pet/ct an...

background: we have validated the monitor unit calculations from a commercially available treatment planning system (tps) for three intensity modulated radiotherapy (imrt) planning techniques for tangential breast irradiation by using ionization chamber measurements. materials and methods: treatment plans were generated for forty-two breast patients by a forward planned field in field technique...

one of the evolutions in tort law is the colectivisation of civil liability. in the past, civil liability was collective and the effects of the person guilty haven imposed on the all members of family. then with developing of civilizations and with appearance of principle of personal liability, the collective liability has been changed to personal liability. but nowadays according to the opinio...

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Background: This study explored the role of collective-affirmation in attracting mass cooperation to motivate people to observe preventive measures during COVID-19. Method: Using a qualitative research design, a heterogeneous sample (N = 32) comprising postgraduate (n = 10) and doctorates (n = 22) was chosen and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The interview contents ...

The number of computed tomography examinations has continuously increased over the last decades and accounts for a major part of the collective radiation dose from medical investigations. For purposes of quality assurance in modern radiology a systematic monitoring and analysis of dose related data from radiological examinations is mandatory. Various ways of collecting dose data are available t...

background : improving quality of life (qol) has been an important consideration in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer particularly in last two decades. praying is a valuable nursing care to improve cancer patients’ qol. however, controversies still exist about the effect of different types of praying. this study was conducted to compare the impact of private and collective praying o...