The higher risk of venous thromboembolism with 3rd and 4th- generations combined oral contraceptives compared to 2nd generation triggered a media crisis in France. Exposure to 3rd or 4th-generation combined oral contraceptives led to an annual excess of around 100 premature deaths in Europe. In the absence of any demonstrated additional benefit of these combined oral contraceptives, measures we...

BACKGROUND Unsafe abortion is a major public health problem in low-and-middle income countries. Young and unmarried women constitute a high risk group for unsafe abortions. It has been estimated that widespread use of emergency contraception may significantly reduce the number of abortion-related morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and exp...

CONTEXT As abortion is illegal in Nicaragua, postcoital contraception is an important option for preventing pregnancy. Emergency contraceptive pills are available in Nicaraguan pharmacies over the counter, but pharmacy personnel's knowledge and attitudes about this method can affect access. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Managua, Nicaragua's capital. Interviewers administer...

background: there are different ways for family planning. however , one of the problems in this field is unintended pregnancy in spite of using contraceptive pills. although the number of unintended pregnancies in women using contraceptive pills is high, there have been limited investigations about the biological risk factors involved in the failure of this method. one of the probable risk fact...

BACKGROUND Preventing unintended pregnancy in HIV-positive women can significantly reduce maternal-to-child HIV transmission as well as improve the woman's overall health. Hormonal contraceptives are safe and effective means to avoid unintended pregnancy, but there is concern that coadministration of antiretroviral drugs may alter contraceptive efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a l...

Unintended pregnancies, which accounted for an estimated 49% of all pregnancies in the United States in 2001, more often are associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and child than are intended pregnancies. In 2008, an estimated 36 million U.S. women of reproductive age were in need of family planning services because they were sexually active, able to get pregnant, and not trying to ge...

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted in Khartoum state in the period between February 2011 to May 2011 to evaluate the effect of contraceptive pills (combined and progestin only pills) on coagulation tests (Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Thrombin Time (TT) and Fibrinogen level. One hundred women were selected as volunteers accordi...

OBJECTIVE To assess the contraceptive effectiveness of condoms versus oral contraceptive pills and estimate the reproductive consequences of a major shift from pill to condom use. METHODS Secondary analysis was performed on nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of women in 16 developing countries. FINDINGS In the 16 countries, the median per cent of married couples currently usi...

BACKGROUND Candidiasis, the infection caused by Candida albicans, is one of the most common infections of the oral cavity in humans. Candidiasis causes irritation and is known for its carcinogenic effects. Thus, it is important to recognize the predisposing factors for this opportunistic infection. Several previous studies have demonstrated an increased frequency of vaginal candidiasis in relat...