FOR TOO LONG THE STUDY OF COMMUNISM AND COMmunist movements has preceded as sui generis, with no concern for its relation to broader academic areas of inquiry or for some of the more pertinent questions of the epoch. Scholars in Communist affairs have passed their colleagues working in other areas of academic inquiry like ships in a foggy sea, heading for similar destinations and using analogou...

The notion that economic integration will bring cultural integration in its train is only partly valid. As I describe in this article, economic development does make societies less nationalistic and more tolerant, trusting, and democratic. But the broad cultural heritage of a society— Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist—leaves a lasting imprint on values that endures d...

The primary function of banks during economic transformation is seen to be provision of an efficient payments mechanism. The lack of banking skills, particularly in credit allocation, is seen as the major problem in achieving stable monetary systems. This is a problem which can be expected to last many years. The solution is to limit banks to very safe assets (initially central bank liabilities...

A schematized process-based model of tidal flat evolution was constructed with dimensions similar to the tidal flats near the Wanggang Mouth at the central coast of Jiangsu, China. The simulated flow patterns agree qualitatively with field observations from literature, i.e. involving tidal asymmetry, current directions and tidal wave features. The analysis of the sediment fluxes depicts that de...

This paper points to the congruence between political and social variables and the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in modern China. STDs became a major health problem after the fall of the empire in 1911 and were only reluctantly addressed by a weak nationalist government during the 1930s. During the 1950s and 60s, the communist regime brought STDs under control, but proble...

[1] The atmospheric limb sounding technique making use of radio signals transmitted by the Global Positioning System (GPS) has already proven to be a promising approach for global atmospheric measurements. In this study, we assess for the first time the potential of GPS radio occultation soundings for detecting the migrating diurnal tide. Retrieved temperatures between 10 and 30 km in the tropi...

The effects of tidal height (high and low), acclimation to laboratory conditions (days in captivity) and oxygen level (hypoxia and normoxia) were evaluated in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the ghost shrimp Neotrypaea uncinata We evaluated the hypothesis that N. uncinata reduces its OCR during low tide and increases it during high tide, regardless of oxygen level or acclimation. Additiona...