It is conventionally assumed that, when animals evaluate alternative options, the value assigned to an option is absolute and independent of the other options available. It follows that animal choices should exhibit the rational property of regularity whereby the proportion of choices for an option cannot be increased by the addition of further options to the choice set. However, violations of ...

From Figure A, protein bands on SurePAGE were more evenly distributed compared to competitor B’s Tris-Glycine gel, in which proteins in the middle parts of the gel were clustered. In addition, more bands were visualized on SurePAGE compared to both competitor B and homemade Tris-Glycine gels (zoomed panel). Lastly, SurePAGE offers slightly better resolution compared to Competitor T’s Bis-Tris g...

In this paper, a Lotka–Volterra (L-V) competitor–competitor–mutualist system with time-varying delays is studied. Some dynamical behaviors of the considered are investigated. Firstly, we obtain boundedness, permanence and periodic solution using comparison principle differential equations inequality estimation method. Then, global attractiveness analyzed by multiple Lyapunov functionals. Meanwh...

Bundling, which is the practice of selling two or more products or services in a package, is a pervasive marketing practice and is often used as a strategic competitive tool. However, there has not been enough consideration of competitive bundling situations where exit of a competitor is not a concern. In this paper, we address this issue by identifying conditions under which strategic competit...

design IRT embodies a view of induction as a four-phase process (shown in Figure 1). The process alters a current model by generating a group of new competitor models, fitting those competitor models to data, comparing the competitors to each other, and then testing the statistical significance of the competitors. The process is iterative — it can be repeated until no competitor can be found th...