Networks are a fundamental tool for understanding and modeling complex systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, engineering, and social science. Many networks are known to exhibit rich, lower-order connectivity patterns that can be captured at the level of individual nodes and edges. However, higher-order organization of complex networks--at the level of small network subgraphs--remains large...

Recently much of the research has been dedicated to the application of fractional calculus in rheology. In this paper fractional-order spectra are presented for the complex viscoelastic materials, which mechanical analogy are constructed by fractional elements connected in series or parallel. Fractional-order spectra connect directly to the material’s constitutive relation with fractional deriv...

We extend the definition of $n$-dimensional difference equations to complex order $\alpha\in \mathbb{C} $. investigate stability linear systems defined by an matrix $A$ and derive conditions for equilibrium points systems. For one-dimensional case where $A =\lambda \in \mathbb {C}$, we find that region, if any is enclosed a boundary curve obtain parametric equation same. Furthermore, there no s...