BACKGROUND This study investigated the relationship between phonological and syntactic disorders of French-speaking children with specific language impairment in production. AIMS To compare three theories (pure phonological theory, surface theory, and mapping theory) of language developmental disorders, all of which view phonological difficulties as the main reason for the children's problems...

This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of two classroom instructions on complexity, accuracy, and fluency EFL learners’ speaking. The first one involved implicit task-based instruction with meaning-focused pedagogic tasks. second reduced practice time but complemented it explicit strategy-based (SBI) raise their metacognitive awareness in planning, monitoring, evaluating speech. Part...

Hesitations are prevalent in spontaneous speech and believed to be relevant to on-line speech planning. We tested the complexity hypothesis that speakers are more likely to need to suspend speaking, the more complex the constituent, by examining ratios of filled pauses (fillers) at clause and case boundaries with following constituents of different degrees of complexity, using ì the Corpus of s...

this study was an attempt to investigate the relationship between teachers' personality type (feeling vs. thinking) and speaking skill of pre- intermediate efl students in iranian context. twelve teachers and forty eight students from a local language institute participated in the study. the myers briggs type indicator (mbti), an instrument based on jung’s personality theory, was taken from tea...

Research on multiword clusters (chunks) is based on the assumption that native speakers use plenty of chunks in their everyday language and they are considered as fluent speakers of language. Therefore the present study was an attempt to investigate the impact of using chunks on speaking fluency of Iranian EFL learners. In the first phase of the study, the students of two intermediate classes s...

Our technologies complexify our environments. Thus, new technologies need to deal with more and more complexity. Several efforts have been made to deal with this complexity using the concept of self-organization. However, in order to promote its use and understanding, we must first have a pragmatic understanding of complexity and self-organization. This paper presents a conceptual framework for...

due to the particular importance of projects in human life and in organizations, proper project management has been always regarded highly by researchers and practitioners. recent advances in technology and fundamental changes in most scientific areas have affected projects and made their nature and environmental circumstances much more complex than in the past. fortunately, in recent years, ma...

Narrative is a complex discourse unit. Creating it requires “a joint process of event comprehension and language production” (Trabasso & Rodkin, 1994, p.87), and perspective taking, understanding and explaining behaviors and emotions of others. In the present study, it is claimed that these requirements map onto three levels of complexity: 1) Plot complexity reflecting the temporal and thematic...

In adverse listening conditions, talkers can increase their intelligibility by speaking clearly[45, 55, 42]. While producing clear speech, however, talkers often reduce their speaking rate significantly[46, 55]. A recent study[28] showed that speaking slowly is not responsible for the high intelligibility of clear speech, since talkers can produce clear speech at normal rates with training. Thi...

In the present note we prove an asymptotically tight relation between additive and multiplicative complexity of Boolean functions with respect to implementation by circuits over the basis {⊕,∧, 1}. To start, consider a problem of computation of polynomials over a semiring (K,+,×) by circuits over the arithmetic basis {+,×} ∪K. It’s a common knowledge that a polynomial of n variables with nonsca...