This paper studies both theoretically and empirically hierarchies’ role in organizing the division of labor. We develop an equilibrium model of the depth and breadth of knowledge individuals acquire and of the organizational implications of these choices. We show that as the size of the economy increases, the value of the arbitrage between fields performed by generalists declines, and this lead...

The stabilization of steady state entanglement caused by action of a classical driving field in the system of two-level atoms with the dipole interaction accompanied by spontaneous emission is discussed. An exact solution shows that the maximum amount of concurrence that can be achieved in Lamb-Dicke limit is 0.43, which corresponds to the entanglement Emax = 0.285 ebit. Dependence of entanglem...

We study the ordering of two-qubit states with respect to the degree of bipartite entanglement using the Wootters concurrence—a measure of the entanglement of formation—and the negativity—a measure of the entanglement cost under the positive-partial-transpose-preserving operations. For two-qubit pure states, the negativity is the same as the concurrence. However, we demonstrate analytically on ...

We study the role of average concurrence in entanglement swapping quantum networks. begin with qubit pure states, and there is a very simple rule governing propagation multiple swaps. find similarly for when creating Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state from three entangled pairs. look at examples mixed states that relation gives an upper bound on what possible states. then move to qudits, where w...

This communication is an enquiry into the circumstances under which concurrence and phase entropy methods can give an answer to the question of quantum entanglement in the composite state when the photonic band gap is exhibited by the presence of photonic crystals in a three-level system. An analytic approach is proposed for any three-level system in the presence of photonic band gap. Using thi...