Recently, the relationship between several forms of default reasoning based on conditional defaults has been investigated. In particular, the systems based on ε-semantics, preferential models, and (fragments of) modally-defined conditional logics have been shown to be equivalent. These systems form a plausible core for default inference, but are too weak in general, failing to deal adequately w...

This paper is about the interpretation of tenses in conditional sentences. It focuses on a particular cluster of data centering around the observation that tenses in the consequent of a conditional can obtain a non-deictic interpretation. As we will see, there is no need for something very extravagant or new to deal with these observations. We can do with the standard analysis of indicative con...

Abstract Epistemic contradictions are now a well-known and often discussed phenomenon among those who study epistemic modals. These expressed by sentences like ‘It is raining it might not be raining’ whose oddness to the common ear demands an explanation. However, has turned out rather controversial enterprise provide such explanation in sufficiently precise general manner. According pragmatic ...

This paper focuses on the differences in interpretation between promises and threats. We investigated to what extent uttering a conditional promise or threat implies an obligation for the speaker to carry out the reward or punishment mentioned in the consequent. Therefore, we presented the participants of the experiment with four promise contexts and four threat contexts. These were each time f...

Philosophers investigating the interpretation and use of conditional sentences have long been intrigued by the intuitive correspondence between the probability of a conditional ‘if A, then C’ and the conditional probability of C, given A. Attempts to account for this intuition within a general probabilistic theory of belief, meaning and use have been plagued by a danger of trivialization, which...

We introduce a new kind of language model, which models whole sentences or utterances directly using the Maximum Entropy paradigm. The new model is conceptually simpler, and more naturally suited to modeling whole-sentence phenomena, than the conditional ME models proposed to date. By avoiding the chain rule, the model treats each sentence or utterance as a \bag of features", where features are...

This paper proposes an approach for applying GANs to NMT. We build a conditional sequence generative adversarial net which comprises of two adversarial sub models, a generator and a discriminator. The generator aims to generate sentences which are hard to be discriminated from human-translated sentences ( i.e., the golden target sentences); And the discriminator makes efforts to discriminate th...

Working within the AGM approach, Peter Gärdenfors has proved that — given certain auxiliary assumptions — there are no non-trivial belief revision systems that satisfy both the Ramsey test and the Preservation condition. There are various ways of reacting to Gärdenfors' paradoxical result. Gärdenfors himself has described his result as a dilemma: we must give up either the Ramsey test or the Pr...