In a distributed system, processes must reach a certain level of synchronization to solve a common problem. The strongest form of synchronization can be reached through consensus: all the processes must agree on a common value that has been proposed by one of them. Consensus is universal in shared memory systems: any type of shared object can be implemented using it. Unfortunately, consensus is...

BACKGROUND There are currently no widely accepted guidelines on standards for the practice of chiropractic or manual therapy manipulation under anesthesia, and the evidence base for this practice is composed primarily of lower-level evidence. The purpose of this project was to develop evidence-informed and consensus-based guidelines on spinal manipulation under anesthesia to address the gaps in...

Background: There are currently no widely accepted guidelines on standards for the practice of chiropractic or manual therapy manipulation under anesthesia, and the evidence base for this practice is composed primarily of lower-level evidence. The purpose of this project was to develop evidence-informed and consensus-based guidelines on spinal manipulation under anesthesia to address the gaps i...

This paper presents simpler specifications of more complex variants of the Paxos algorithm for distributed consensus, as a case study of high-level specification of distributed algorithms. The development of the specifications uses a method and language for expressing complex control flows and synchronization conditions precisely at a high level. We show that English and pseudocode descriptions...

The increasingly larger scale of available data and the more restrictive concerns on their privacy are some of the challenging aspects of data mining today. In this paper, Entropy-based Consensus on Cluster Centers (EC3) is introduced for clustering in distributed systems with a consideration for confidentiality of data; i.e. it is the negotiations among local cluster centers that are used in t...

1. In a sub-tropical epidemic, most of the apparent household secondary cases are actually secondary infections. 2. The consensus sequence for the entire influenza virus genome is not usually identical within the same household sample. Rather, there are commonly one or two nucleotide changes. 3. These results hint at an obvious generational threshold for adaptation at the level of the consensus...