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introduction: hepatic hydatid cyst is caused by echinococcosis granulosis. it is a major health problem in endemic areas. the modern treatment of hydatid cysts of the liver varies from surgical intervention to percutaneous drainage or medical therapy. a high rate of complications following percutaneous drainage, and ineffectiveness of medical therapy have shown not to be the definitive treatmen...

background:   patellofemoral pain syndrome (pfps) is defined as pain surrounding the patella when sitting with bent knees for prolonged periods of time or when performing activities like ascending or descending stairs, squatting or   athletic activities. patella dislocation is not included in pfps.     purpose:   this review analyzes the evidence based conservative management of pfps.   methods...

temporomandibular joint (tmj) diseases and disorders refer to a complex and poorly understood set of conditions, manifested by pain in the area of the jaw and associated muscles and limitations in the ability to make the normal movements of speech, facial expression, eating, chewing, and swallowing. the conventional soft occlusal splint therapy is a much safer and effective mode of a conservati...