How are humans' subjective judgments of contingencies related to objective contingencies? Work in social psychology and human contingency learning predicts that the greater the frequency of desired outcomes, the greater people's judgments of contingency will be. Second, the learned helplessness theory of depression provides both a strong and a weak prediction concerning the linkage between subj...

This study investigates differential neural activation patterns in response to reward-related feedback depending on various reward contingencies. Three types of reward contingencies were compared: a "gain" contingency (a monetary reward for correct answer/no monetary penalty for incorrect answer); a "lose" contingency (no monetary reward for correct answer/a monetary penalty for incorrect answe...

 In this paper, we dismiss the traditional contingency argument that corporate staff should have minimal involvement with the decisions that its divisions make, because predictability, which underlies this contingency logic, is erroneous for most large corporations at this time. We offer an alternative theory of corporate involvement for the M-form: under unpredictable environments grea...

In this paper, the new approach for the transmission reliability cost allocation (TRCA) problem is proposed. In the conventional TRCA problem, for calculating the contribution of each user (generators & loads or contracts) in the reliability margin of each transmission line, the outage analysis is performed for all system contingencies. It is obvious that this analysis is very time-consuming fo...

This paper examines the validity of knowledge as a contingency variable. Building on recent advances in thinking about the dimensions of knowledge assets (Winter 1987, Zander and Kogut 1995), we argue that such dimensions might have an important influence on organization structure. More specifically, we focus on two dimensions of knowledge—observability and system embeddedness—and their influen...

We demonstrate the application and comparative interpretations of three tree-based algorithms for the analysis of data arising from flow cytometry: classification and regression trees (CARTs), random forests (RFs), and logic regression (LR). Specifically, we consider the question of what best predicts CD4 T-cell recovery in HIV-1 infected persons starting antiretroviral therapy with CD4 count b...