Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a public health problem worldwide. This narrative Review provides an overview of the current literature to support notion that NAFLD multisystem disease. Convincing evidence shows strong association between and risk developing multiple extrahepatic complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular (ie, predominant cause mortality in people with N...

Purpose In real life, we only know the consequences of each possible action with some uncertainty. A typical example is interval uncertainty, when lower and upper bounds on expected gain. usual way to compare such interval-valued alternatives use optimism–pessimism criterion developed by Nobelist Leo Hurwicz. this approach, a weighted combination worst-case best-case gains maximized. There exis...

The dynamics of decisions in complex networks is studied within a Markov process framework using numerical simulations combined with mathematical insight into the process mechanisms. A mathematical discrete-time model is derived based on a set of basic assumptions on the convincing mechanisms associated to two opinions. The model is analyzed with respect to multiplicity of critical points, illu...

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized clinically by insidious onset and slowly progressive course, and are frequently hereditary. Pathologically, these diseases share a common feature: the selective loss of a particular subset of neurons for unknown reasons [e.g. cerebral cortical neurons in ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD) (see Glossary), substantia nigra neurons in PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD), s...

If we are to understand how human perception occurs, then we must first identify the mechanisms that drive perception. It is commonly believed that perception is influenced by both bottom-up processes (raw sensory input), and top-down processes (expectationdriven matching). What is not fully understood is how the human mind uses expectations and assumptions to manipulate what we call conscious ...

in religious thought, the miracle as a phenomenon is one of the most important reasons for proving prophethood. there are two broad views among islamic thinkers about the type of indications of miracles to prove prophethood. some consider the indications of miracles as rational ones. in contrast, some others hold that there is no logical connection between a miracle and its implied referent and...