background. Coronary sinus (CS) anatomy is a major predictor of successful implantation of left ventricular (LV) lead and procedural outcome. We therefore made an attempt to look at the CS anatomy and possible feasibility to classify them into categories depending upon their size, branching pattern, location of posterolateral vein (PLV), and other parameters in order to guide the cardiologist f...

BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become a successful treatment option for symptomatic heart failure in patients with poor left ventricular (LV) systolic function and broad QRS complex in the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). CASE REPORT In this report we present a case of a 70-year-old woman with advanced heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease who underwent an upgra...

A 30year old patient presented to us with recurrent episodes of palpitation and documented tachycardia. In all his presentations a wide QRS tachycardia was recorded. The baseline ECG showed pre excitation. The 12 lead ECG of the tachycardia and the baseline ECG is shown in Fig. 1A. During EP study the patient had baseline pre excitation and the HV interval was 16 ms. A duo-decapolar halo (HL) c...

The therapeutic use of angiogenic factors to protect ischemic myocardium is limited by our incomplete understanding of their endogenous production. We determined the association between angiogenic factors and collateral formation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A total of 71 patients underwent catheterization with sampling of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and coronary sinus (CS) ...

BACKGROUND Cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) block is currently assessed by coronary sinus (CS) pacing or low lateral and septal atrial pacing. Occasionally, CS catheterization through the femoral route can be difficult to perform or right atrial pacing can be problematic because of catheter instability or saturation of the atrial electrograms recorded near the catheter. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to ...

Figure 1 Photographs (A; case 1 and B; case 2) and illustrations of Figure 1A (C) and Figure 1B (D) showing double superior vena cava: right connected to right atrium and left to the coronary sinus. pLSVC: persistent left superior vena cava; RSVC; right superior vena cava; CS: coronary sinus; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; AA ascending aorta; IVC: inferior vena cava. In both cases, the v...

Mitral isthmus (MI) ablation is one of the important steps in the context of persistent atrial fibrillation ablation. However, achieving a complete transisthmus conduction block is challenging. Furthermore, incomplete conduction block can increase the risk of recurrent perimitral atrial tachycardia (AT). We describe a case wherein endocardial conduction block across the MI line was established,...

conclusions the coronary sinus flow per minute is the most accurate parameter among the three echocardiographic parameters mentioned above for the assessment of significant stenosis of the coronary artery. results flow (ml/minute), flow/lvm (ml/minuteg) and lv (d-s) mass a-l all correlated significantly with the percentage of stenosis (r = -0.64, p < 0.001; r = -0.47, p < 0.001; r = -0.56, p < ...

Figure 1 Intracardiac tracings from the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV), left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV), right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV), right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) and coronary sinus (CS): before ablation (left) and after left antral circumferential ablation (center). Transthoracic echocardiogram showing severe right atrial and right ventricular dilatation with apical d...

To evaluate (i) local coronary and systemic levels of microparticles (MP) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients and (ii) their release after plaque disruption with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MP are small vesicles originating from plasma membranes of cells after activation or apoptosis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ...