There are many automotive applications where complex chemistry plays an important role. For example, more stringent regulatory requirements for automobiles and trucks have led to a need to fine-tune combustors in IC engines to reduce emissions of pollutants such as NOx and introduce catalytic converter systems for aftertreatment of exhaust gases to further reduce pollutant emissions. However, m...

A novel microwave-based approach for monitoring the state of aftertreatment systems such as diesel particulate filters (DPFs), three-way catalytic converters (TWCs), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts is proposed. The volume inside the metallic housing of the DPF, TWC, or SCR is considered as a wireless communication channel between two terminals of a communication system. It is ...

Tags are often used to describe user-generated content on the Web. However, the available Web applications are not incrementally dealing with new tag information, which negatively influences their scalability. Since the cosine similarity between tags represented as co-occurrence vectors is an important aspect of these frameworks, we propose two approaches for an incremental computation of cosin...

In this paper, the cosine similarity measure of neutrosophic refined (multi-) sets is proposed and its properties are studied. The concept of this cosine similarity measure of neutrosophic refined sets is the extension of improved cosine similarity measure of single valued neutrosophic. Finally, using this cosine similarity measure of neutrosophic refined set, the application of medical diagnos...

We reveal three surprising properties of cosine families, distinguishing them from semigroups of operators: (1) A single trajectory of a cosine family is either strongly continuous or not measurable. (2) Pointwise convergence of a sequence of equibounded cosine families implies that the convergence is almost uniform for time in the entire real line; in particular, cosine families cannot be pert...