The aim of this study was to examine the effect of preterm birth on the development of the dentition. The spesific aims were to examine the effect on deciduous and permanent tooth crown dimensions, the eruption of permanent teeth and the sagittal occlusal relationships within the dentition. The subjects consisted of 328 prematurely born (< 37 gestational weeks ) white and black children and 180...

Tropical forests play a vital role in the global carbon cycle, but the amount of carbon they contain and its spatial distribution remain uncertain. Recent studies suggest that once tree height is accounted for in biomass calculations, in addition to diameter and wood density, carbon stock estimates are reduced in many areas. However, it is possible that larger crown sizes might offset the reduc...

This study explores the internal morphology of early hominid teeth using high-resolution computed tomography. Data on Carabelli feature size, enamel thickness, and the topography of the enamel-dentine junction are considered together in order to examine the relationship among these variables in the maxillary molars of gracile and robust australopithecines from South Africa. In particular, one a...

BACKGROUND Canopy structure, which can be defined as the sum of the sizes, shapes and relative placements of the tree crowns in a forest stand, is central to all aspects of forest ecology. But there is no accepted method for deriving canopy structure from the sizes, species and biomechanical properties of the individual trees in a stand. Any such method must capture the fact that trees are high...

BACKGROUND The main reason for the failure of endodontic therapy is the incomplete knowledge about the anatomical variation of root canals. One of the most important factors that leads to the failure of root canal treatment, is missed and untreated major root canals. OBJECTIVE with respect to the complexity of mandibular incisors treatment and high prevalence of the second canal, and the poss...

One problem of individual tree detection on aerial images or on raster canopy height models is handling of tree crowns of different sizes. On laser scanner data one size attribute, height, is directly available. This gives possibilities to develop processing methods that adapt to the object size. In this study, three adaptive methods were developed and tested for individual tree detection on ca...

Structural changes over time in forests of shade-tolerant species are difficult to study because these stands are often broadly uneven-aged and not suitable for traditional chronosequence analysis. Yet because of past disturbances of variable intensity and frequency, there is often substantial structural variation among stands of a given site quality class. In this study, diameter distributions...

The Table Interpolation Program for Stand Yields (tipsy) enables forest managers and timber supply analysts to explore the impacts of variable retention. tipsy variable retention adjustment factors (vrafs) are calculated based on the level and pattern of both group and dispersed tree retention using four primary variables from the retained stand: percent crown cover, average group or crown size...