For more than a century, evidence for the production of crucible steel in Central and Southern Asia, prior to European Industrial Revolution, has fascinated challenged material scientists, historians archaeologists. At same time, chromium-alloyed stainless was developed early 20th building upon 19th century experiments with low chromium steel. Here we demonstrate new intentional addition nearly...

A least-squares spectral finite element method was used to develop an accurate computer code for prediction of solidification from a melt under the influence of an externally applied magnetic field. The computational results indicate significantly different flow-field patterns and thermal fields in the melt and the accrued solid in the cases of full gravity, reduced gravity, and an applied unif...