In recent years, research on modeling in both the philosophy of science and the social studies of science and technology has undergone an acute transformation. Philosophers and social scientists have begun to realize that science, in the words of Carrier and Nordmann, has increasingly shifted its focus from “epistemic or truthoriented” research to “application-dominated” research. “Science is v...

Modeling other agents' behaviors plays an important role in decision models for interactions among multiple agents. To optimize its own decisions, a subject agent needs to model what agents act simultaneously uncertain environment. However, modeling insufficiency occurs when the are competitive and cannot get full knowledge about Even collaborative, they may not share their true due privacy con...