Aiming to develop an immune based system, the negative selection algorithm aid in solving complex problems in spam detection. This is been achieve by distinguishing spam from non-spam (self from non-self). In this paper, we propose an optimized technique for e-mail classification. This is done by distinguishing the characteristics of self and non-self that is been acquired from trained data set...

Understanding the mechanisms that explain the pervasive association between socioeconomic status and health has been identified as an important area of research. Using the 1994-1995 National Population Health Survey, this study examines whether exposure to psychosocial stressors may be one mediating mechanism of the social gradient in health. Data were obtained including indicators of socioecon...

We use a controlled laboratory experiment to study the causal impact of income de-creases within time period on redistribution decisions at end that period, in an environment where we keep fixed sum incomes over period. First, investigate effect negative trend (intra-personal decrease), which means decreasing compared one’s recent past. Second, relative another person (inter-personal decrease)....

Previous studies revealed that low self-esteem is prospectively associated with depression. However, self-esteem has been shown to change over time. We thus hypothesized that not only level but also change in self-esteem affect depression. Using data from a 23-year longitudinal study (N = 1,527), we therefore examined the prospective effects of global and domain-specific self-esteem (physical a...

Three daily diary studies were conducted to examine the incidence, nature, and impact of everyday sexism as reported by college women and men. Women experienced about one to two impactful sexist incidents per week, consisting of traditional gender role stereotypes and prejudice, demeaning and degrading comments and behaviors, and sexual objectification. These incidents affected women’s psycholo...

We consider a Branching Random Walk on R whose step size decreases by a fixed factor, 0 < λ < 1, with each turn. This process generates a random probability measure on R, that is, the limit of uniform distribution among the 2 particles of the n-th step. We present an initial investigation of the limit measure and its support. We show, in particular, that (1) for almost every λ > 1/2 the limit m...