Glossary Deep water A surface wave is said to be in deep water if its wavelength is much shorter than the local water depth. Internal wave A internal wave travels within the interior of a fluid. The maximum velocity and maximum amplitude occur within the fluid or at an internal boundary (interface). Internal waves depend on the density-stratification of the fluid. Shallow water A surface wave i...

The deep pelagic habitat is a vast volume of cold, dark water where food is scarce and bioluminescence is the principal source of light and communication. Understanding the adaptations that allow animals to successfully inhabit this daunting realm has been a difficult challenge because investigators have had to conduct their work remotely. Research in the deep water column is going through an e...

The relative flux of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) out of the Atlantic can be monitored in the Southern Ocean, where high 813C NADW mixes rapidly with low 813C recirculated Pacific water before forming Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). By using 813C measured in benthic foraminifera as a water mass tracer, it is shown that the Southern Ocean was dominated by Pacific water, with little NADW contr...

This numerical study provides the first simulation of the anthropogenic tritium invasion and its decay product helium-3 (He) in the Mediterranean Sea. The simulation covers the entire tritium (H) transient generated by the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests performed in the 1950s and early 1960s and is run till 2011. Tritium, helium-3 and their derived age estimates are particularly suitable for...

The amount and spatial distribution of deep drainage (downward movement of water across the bottom of the root zone) and groundwater recharge affect the quantity and quality of increasingly limited groundwater in arid and semiarid regions. We synthesize research from the fields of ecology and hydrology to address the issue of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions. We start with a recently ...

Towed body systems of various configurations have been used for many years to map the seabed. Until recently, single video camera systems were widely used to gather qualitative data, or collect often low-accuracy quantitative data using laser dot patterns projected into the field of view. The introduction of stereo-video systems has enabled the capture of accurate and reliable spatial informati...

The primary focus of this project is the analysis of data from the Philippine Sea (PhilSea) experiments in 2009-2011. Data from previous ONR-sponsored deep water experiments may also be analyzed. The specific objectives of the project are: 1) to characterize the ambient noise in the PhilSea data set using spectral analysis and to compare the results to those for other deep water data sets; 2) t...

the purpose of this study, determining the optimal cultivation pattern by using interval mathematical programming approach among the farmers of esfarayen county before and after targeting the subsidies. for this purpose, farmers based on water resources classified in three group of using the river water, deep wells water and rainfed cultivation. the required data for this study has been obtaine...

This study compared the effects of 2 types of water exercise programs on balance ability in the elderly. Thirty healthy elderly persons (60.7 +/- 4.1 yr) were randomly assigned to a deep-water-running exercise (DWRE, n = 15) group or a normal water exercise (NWE, n = 15) group. The participants completed a twice-weekly water exercise intervention for 12 wk. Exercise sessions comprised a 10-min ...

In this work, the Liquid Impingement Erosion (LIE) performances of deep-rolling (DR) treated and non-treated Ti64 were investigated. Various erosion stages, from the incubation to the terminal erosion stages, could be observed. A full factorial design of experiments was used to study the effect of DR process parameters (Feed Rate, Spindle Velocity, Number of Passes, Pressure) on the residual st...