We are delighted to presenta collection of 17 research/review articles on grapheme and grapheme analogs covering manydifferent aspects. This special issue ist he fifth in series on graphene, reflecting the continued excitement in grapheme science and more recently, in other 2D materials like MoS2 and BN. Ever since the discovery of graphene, Raman spectroscopy has played a crucial role in non-d...

This paper describes a speech segmentation tool allowing alternative word pronunciations within a WFST framework. Two approaches to word pronunciation graph generation were developed and evaluated. The first approach is grapheme-based where each grapheme is converted into all the phones it can give rise to, in the form of a WFST. Word graphs are obtained by concatenating all grapheme WFSTs. In ...

We show that the neurological condition of synaesthesia--which causes fundamental differences in perception and cognition throughout a lifetime--is significantly represented within the childhood population, and that it manifests behavioural markers as young as age 6 years. Synaesthesia gives rise to a merging of cognitive and/or sensory functions (e.g. in grapheme-colour synaesthesia, reading l...

Two online research tools are presented in this paper: PermA, a general-purpose string aligner which can for example be used for grapheme-to-phoneme and phonemeto-phoneme alignment, and Balloon, a text processing toolkit for German and English providing components for part-of-speech tagging, morphological analyses, and grapheme-to-phoneme conversion including syllabification and word-stress ass...

Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion system for English is being developed for further integration into speech synthesis system within TC-STAR project. In this work we describe experiments performed using two different machine learning techniques. The pronunciation was predicted both for stressed and unstressed lexicon and the results were compared. Analysis of different parameters that may influence...

We introduce a new language-independent procedure for grapheme-phoneme conversion, syllabification, and word stress assignment. Grapheme-phoneme conversion and syllabification is carried out by means of fallback sequences of decision trees trained on varying context sizes. Word stress is determined within an analogy-based framework by means of a Bayes classifier. Evaluation results on six langu...

Prior research has purported to show that words with infrequent phoneme-grapheme correspondences are more difficult to spell than words with frequent phoneme-grapheme correspondences. Defining exactly what a phoneme-grapheme relationship is, however, is not necessarily straightforward. There are a number of different assumptions that can be made. In this study, we developed four metrics of soun...

This paper compares the recognition accuracy of a phonemebased automatic speech recognition system with that of a grapheme-based system, using Afrikaans as case study. The first system is developed using a conventional pronunciation dictionary, while the latter system uses the letters of each word directly as the acoustic units to be modelled. We ensure that the pronunciation dictionary we use ...

This study shows that biases exist in the associations of letters with colours across individuals both with and without grapheme-colour synaesthesia. A group of grapheme-colour synaesthetes were significantly more consistent over time in their choice of colours than a group of controls. Despite this difference, there were remarkable inter-subject agreements, both within and across participant g...

In double naming tasks requiring the production of consecutive spoken and written responses to the same picture, subject ECA produced inconsistent lexical responses in the say-then-write (stimulus: organ; spoken response: “church;” written response: piano) but not in the write-then-say condition (organ ® piano ® “piano”). This observation, together with the fact that ECA had damage to the seman...