I endors have offered cash discounts for \ / many years to encourage prompt payy ment of invoices or accounts. Under such an arrangement, the seller receives payment without delay while the buyer minimizes both cash outflow and operating costs or expenses. Because these discounts can substantially reduce routine operating expenses in areas like patient care and ancillary supplies, hospitals sho...

This paper deals with the problem of determining the economic order quantity for exponentially deteriorating items under the conditions of permissible delay in payments. The delay in payments depends on the quantity ordered. When the order quantity is less than at which the delay in payments is permitted, the payment for the product must be made immediately. Otherwise, the 0xed trade credit per...

The handling of constraints in systems subject to variable time-delay is a challenging problem. It is particularly relevant to Network Control Systems (NCSs) in which a control system is remotely located with respect to the plant to be controlled. In this paper, we develop reference governors for controlling constrained systems subject to variable delays with a particular focus on the applicati...

The Covid-19 epidemic has caused substantial obstacles to the supply network globally. Hence there is urgency and necessity build a model for cash flow in chain of demand system. This research suggests an inventory assist retailers determining optimal ordering quantity replenishment cycle reduce total cost different payment cases. current study looks toward partial advance delays system conside...

background: informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. in this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...

Letter of Credit is an international payment instrument whereby the issuing bank undertakes to pay the beneficiary, against presentation of certain stipulated documents, according to the conditions of the Letter of Credit. Discounting of LC for the short-term financing of the seller, due to the independent and irrevocable undertaking of the bank to make payment, is prevalent. Beneficiary gets t...

We consider a manufacturer using a Request For Quotes reverse auction in combination with supplier qualification screening to determine which qualified supplier will be awarded a contract. Supplier qualification screening is costly for the manufacturer, for example involving reference checks, financial audits, and on-site visits. The manufacturer seeks to minimize its total procurement costs, i...