Here we aim to present an accessible review of the pharmacological targets for pain management, and succinctly discuss the newest trends in pain therapy. A key task for current pain pharmacotherapy is the identification of receptors and channels orchestrating nociception. Notwithstanding peripheral alterations in the receptors and channels following pathophysiological events, the modulatory mec...

Nakamura K. Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R1207–R1228, 2011. First published September 7, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2011.—Body temperature regulation is a fundamental homeostatic function that is governed by the central nervous system in homeothermic animals, including humans. The central thermoregulatory system ...

A descending inhibitory mechanism from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the spinal cord through the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) is strongly involved in endogenous analgesic system produced by acupuncture stimulation. In addition to the PAG to NRM system which descends in the medial pathway of the brain stem, the nucleus reticularis lateralis (NRL) situated in the lateral part of the brain stem i...

conclusions the results indicate that multidrug-resistant (mdr) strains of salmonella are increasing in number, and fewer antibiotics may be useful for treating s. enterica infections. routine investigation and reporting of antibiotic mics in patients presenting with salmonella infections is suggested. results of the total 19 salmonella spp. isolates recovered by the bactec automated system, al...

Stimulation of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is believed to exert analgesic effects through the activation of the serotonergic system descending to the spinal dorsal horn; however, how nociceptive transmission is modulated by the descending system has not been fully clarified. To investigate the inhibitory mechanisms affected by the RVM, an in vivo patch-clamp technique was used to rec...

myocardial bridging with systolic compression of the left anterior descending coronary artery (lad) may be associated with myocardial ischemia. in symptomatic myocardial bridging unresponsive to medical treatment, surgical unroofing of the left lad can be performed. little information is available about the long-term prognosis of patients with this coronary anomaly after the surgical unroofing,...

abstract traumatic descending thoracic aorta pseudo aneurysms have been treated traditionally with open surgery in the past, which have had noticeable rates of mortality and morbidity. a safer method of treatment for this disease is made possible with recent progress in endovascular treatment techniques. in this article, we present three cases of traumatic descending thoracic aorta pseudo aneur...

background: households’ financial protection against health payments and expenditures and equity in utilization of health care services are of the most important tasks of governments. this study aims to measuring equity in household’s health care payments according to fairness in financial contribution (ffc) and kakwani indices in tehran-iran, 2013. methods: this cross-sectional study was condu...

The purpose of this study was to identify central neuronal sites activated by stimulation of cardiac ischemia-sensitive afferent neurons and determine whether electrical stimulation of left vagal afferent fibers modified the pattern of neuronal activation. Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) was used as an index of neuronal activation in selected levels of cervical and thoracic spinal cord and b...

We have recently reported the importance of spinal rapamycin-sensitive pathways in maintaining persistent pain-like states. A descending facilitatory drive mediated through spinal 5-HT3 receptors (5-HT3Rs) originating from superficial dorsal horn NK1-expressing neurons and that relays through the parabrachial nucleus and the rostroventral medial medulla to act on deep dorsal horn neurons is kno...