This notice announces a CMS Ruling that establishes a policy that revises the current policy on Part B billing following the denial of a Part A inpatient hospital claim by a Medicare review contractor on the basis that the inpatient admission was determined not reasonable and necessary. This revised policy is intended as an interim measure until CMS can finalize a policy to address the issues r...

It is argued that health policy is determined by many influences, including research evidence. However, the evidence base needs further development if it is to be used effectively. If health policy is to promote equity in child health, then it must not be confined to health services. This article is, essentially, a personal perspective on UK health policy for children, particularly as it relate...

The public choice literature urges the welfare economist to anticipate how political forces will shape the levels of new policy instruments when government intervenes in a new way. This paper argues that the welfare economist should also recognize that new interventions may impact the politically determined levels of existing policy instruments. It shows how the introduction of a new instrument...

carey and friel suggest that we turn to knowledge developed in the field of public administration, especially new public governance, to better understand the process of implementing health in all policies (hiap). in this commentary, i claim that theories from the policy studies bring a broader view of the policy process, complementary to that of new public governance. drawing on the policy stud...

This paper studies the effect of decoupling on optimal investment in agriculture assuming disinvestment flexibility. Agricultural income being determined by policy processes is subject to policy uncertainty. Case study examples suggest that assuming disinvestment flexibility, decoupling increases income stability, and a higher level of investments can be achieved even with lower subsides. Incre...

This paper explores a reliability based heuristic mathematical model for basic and classical age replacement policy. Using new model, optimal preventive age replacement policy is determined to maximize system reliability. For special systems having exponential density function with constant hazard function, a different simple decision-making model is proposed. A case study of two industrial mac...

This publication is available in alternative media on request. The Pennsylvania State University is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by University policy or by state or federal authorities. The Pennsylv...

This article aims to systematize and analyze social data that reveal the dimension of racial inequalities in Brazil. The point of departure is that racial inequalities affect the capacity for integration of Blacks into Brazilian society and jeopardize the proposal to build a democratic society with equal opportunities for all. Such inequalities are present at different moments in the individual...

PURPOSE Electron tubes with small radii are useful to treat narrow regions which cannot accommodate normal electron applicators. In small electron fields, it is not trivial to estimate restricted mass stopping power ratio (MSR), which is needed to evaluate dose from ion chamber measurement. We studied MSRs in small electron tube fields using the Monte Carlo simulation. METHODS Electron tubes ...