In this review, we attempt to outline the age-dependent interactions of principal systems controlling the structure and function of the cardiovascular system in immature rats developing hypertension. We focus our attention on the cardiovascular effects of various pharmacological, nutritional, and behavioral interventions applied at different stages of ontogeny. Several distinct critical periods...

Protein-energy malnourishment is commonly encountered in patients with end-stage liver disease who undergo liver transplantation. Malnutrition may further increase morbidity, mortality and costs in the post-transplantation setting. The importance of carefully assessing the nutritional status during the work-up of patients who are candidates for liver replacement is widely recognized. The metabo...

Excess aldosterone is an important contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, low circulating aldosterone causes salt wasting and hypotension. Aldosterone activates mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) to increase epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity. However, aldosterone may also stimulate the thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC). Here, we generated mic...

Aldosterone increases blood pressure (BP) by stimulating sodium (Na) reabsorption within the distal nephron and collecting duct (CD). Aldosterone also stimulates endothelin-1 (ET-1) production that acts within the CD to inhibit Na reabsorption via a negative feedback mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that this renal aldosterone-endothelin feedback system regulates electrolyte balance and BP b...

Daily (24 h) rates of water and electrolyte turnover were measured in a conventional balance study in ten adult female pastel mink (Mustela vison) given free access to a standard mink feed for a 1-week conditioning period, followed by a 4 d experimental period and a 2 d fasting period. Drinking water was available throughout. In addition, the completeness of urine collection and the fraction of...

BACKGROUND Caffeine and related methylxanthine compounds are recognized as having a diuretic action, and consumers are often advised to avoid beverages containing these compounds in situations where fluid balance may be compromised. The aim of this review is to evaluate the available literature concerning the effect of caffeine ingestion on fluid balance and to formulate targeted and evidence-b...

The maintenance of body volume forms an integral part of the overall osmoregulation of all metazoan animals. The fact that such regulation occurs in various invertebrates has long been experimentally established and it has been shown that the capacity to regulate the body-water content is particularly well developed in euryhaline species (Beadle, 1937; Ellis, 1937, 1939; Jergensen & Dales, 1967...

Poliomyelitis is a problem receiving increasing attention in this country. Although this disease is as old as ancient Egypt, its importance has only been recently recognized and before the middle of this century no significant study of the disease had been carried out. Statistical surveys (Paul, Havens and Van Rooyen, 1944; Paul, 1949; Khalil, Ragab and Sakr, 1954; Gilliam, Hemphill and Gerende...

Some investigators have questioned whether this gradual loss of efficacy during long-term administration is related to a simultaneous alteration in the electrolyte balance. If this were true (because of excessive electrolyte loss), it should be possible to correct it by supplementary administration of the salts in question. This would tend to correct the electrolyte balance and re-establish the...