The study of active vent dynamics is hindered by the difficulty of directly observing features and processes during eruptive periods. Here, we describe some recent observations of the summit dome activity of Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, from the vantage point of its parent, Santa Marı́a. We have taken 12 h of digital video of activity over a 3-year period, which includes 28 eruptions and nume...

The interaction between electric currents and a magnetic field is used to produce body (Lorentz) forces in electrolyte solutions. By appropriate patterning of the electrodes, one can conveniently control the direction and magnitude of the electric currents and induce spatially and temporally complicated flow patterns. This capability is useful, not only for fundamental flow studies, but also fo...

 Summary 196 I.  196 1. The neglected dimension 196 2. Basic concepts 197 (a) The heuristic notion of vessel-tiers 197 (b) Ohm's law 199 (c) Conductances, resistances and resistivities 199 (d) Lumen and pit resistances 199 (e) The importance of conduit radius and length in conductance 199 II.      199 1. Nature and origin of xylem conduit...

BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction underlies the association between an acute inflammatory episode and the transiently increased risk of a cardiovascular event by examining the effects of an experimental inflammatory stimulus on endothelium-dependent vasodilation. METHODS AND RESULTS Salmonella typhi vaccine was used to generate a systemic inflammatory response i...

The hydraulic resistivity ( R , pressure gradient/flow rate) through end walls of xylem conduits was estimated in seven species of diverse anatomy and affinity including a vesselbearing fern, a tracheid-bearing gymnosperm, and angiosperms with versus without vessels. Conduit lengths were measured with a silicone injection method which was easier and more accurate than the usual paint injection....

In this study we discuss critical issues in modelling the structure and function of lymph nodes (LNs), with emphasis on how LN physiology is related to its multi-scale structural organization. In addition to macroscopic domains such as B-cell follicles and the T cell zone, there are vascular networks which play a key role in the delivery of information to the inner parts of the LN, i.e., the co...

OBJECTIVE Extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure (ECFP) using Gore-Tex graft has been performed with increasing frequency for the patients with functional single ventricle. However, lack of growth potential and longevity of the conduit are consistent concerns and main points of criticism of the ECFP. In this study, we investigated the mid-term status of the Gore-Tex graft used in the ECFP by com...