The neuron doctrine, formulated in 1891, attacked in 1906 by Golgi and fiercely defended by Cajal, provided a powerful tool for analyzing the pathways of the brain. It has often been described as though it were merely the cell theory applied to nervous systems. In this essay I show that the neuron doctrine claims more than does the cell theory, and that in many instances, where it goes beyond t...

Jehovah's Witnesses' (JWs) refusal of blood transfusions has recently gained support in the medical community because of the growing popularity of "no-blood" treatment. Many physicians, particularly so-called "sympathetic doctors", are establishing a close relationship with this religious organization. On the other hand, it is little known that this blood doctrine is being strongly criticized b...

ideas bars the patenting of a claim that is too broad because its scope is defined only by an abstract idea. For example, in O’Reilly v. Morse, Morse’s famous claim eight impermissibly sought to privatize all “use of . . . electro-magnetism, however developed for marking or printing intelligible characters, signs, or letters, at any distances.” 56 U.S. (15 How.) 62, 129 (1853). Every individual...

in descartes theological writing, he promotes two jointly puzzling theses: t1) god freely creates the eternal truths (i.e. the creation doctrine) and t2) the eternal truths are necessarily true. according to t1 god freely chooses which propositions to make necessary, contingent and possible. however the creation doctrine makes the acceptance of t2 tenuous for the creation doctrine implies that ...

My solution to the problem of Dion and Theon (Burke 1994a) employs the doctrine of sortal essentialism.1 Jim Stone (2002) objects to my solution and proposes to weaken the doctrine so as to block my employment of it. Others question a different element of my solution: the maximality of personhood and thinkerhood. After opposing Stone's weakening of sortal essentialism, and responding in a preli...

The deific-decree exception to Washington's M'Naughten insanity standard first appeared in case law a quarter century ago in State v. Crenshaw. A few subsequent cases have attempted to refine the contours of the deific decree; however, the deific-decree doctrine has had only limited utility as a basis for the insanity defense. After about a decade of no activity in this area, the Washington cou...

the exhaustion doctrine refers to one of the limits of intellectual property rights. once a product protected of ip right has been marketed either by the ip right owner or by others whit her consent, the ip right owner cannot prohibit the further commercialization (like the resale) of that product. thus , a critical element in determining that the owner of an ip right has exhausted her/his righ...

Through two chapters, we examine in the first part of this dissertation the governance doctrine in its genesis, conceptualization, diffusion and appropriation in the community of international development. In the first chapter, we discuss the political economy of governance by following its history, conceptualization, ideological and interdisciplinary frameworks in economics and political scien...

China will develop much greater depth and sophistication in its understanding and handling of information warfare techniques and operations. With Indian security becoming increasingly dependent on date processing and network centricity, it will become extremely vulnerable to such information warfare campaigns. India needs to adopt a multidisciplinary approach towards dealing with the emerging c...

According to advocates of internalism about reasons for action, there is an interesting connection between an agent’s reasons and the agent’s present desires. On the simplest version of this view, an agent has a reason to act a certain way at some time if and only if acting that way would promote his present desires. Let us call this the sub-Humean model.1 The sub-Humean model is widely regarde...