Abstract Some utterances are pragmatically ambiguous. For instance, Tu peux fermer la fenêtre ? (“Can you close the window?”) can be a request for information or an “indirect request” (IR) to window. A possible way speakers make it clear whether they intend these expressions as direct indirect speech act is use cues such gestures prosody. It has been shown English that participants’ identificat...

The optical principles of indirect ophthalmoscopy were mastered by Gullstrand (I 9 I I) although his ophthalmoscope did not achieve wide popularity because of its complexity and limited field of view. Schepens (I947) demonstrated his binocular indirect ophthalmoscope 2I years ago in the United States of America. The instrument described here is a further stage in simplification (Figs I and 2). ...

Attention is drawn to the possibility of performing monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy with a pen torch and a condensing lens when facilities for binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy are not available.

We explored a novel reciprocity-based influence strategy to stimulate cooperation called the reciprocity-by-proxy strategy. Unlike in traditional reciprocity, in which benefactors provide direct benefits to target individuals to elicit reciprocity, the reciprocity-by-proxy strategy elicits in the target a sense of indebtedness to benefactors by providing benefits to a valued third party on beha...

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to a range of challenging sequential decision-making and control tasks. In this paper, we classify RL into direct indirect according how they seek the optimal policy Markov decision process problem. The former solves by directly maximizing an objective function using gradient descent methods, in which is usually expectation a...