Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 Tax (Tax) protein is very important in viral replication and cell transformation. Tax localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in association with organelles. Some activities of Tax depend on interactions with PDZ (PSD-95/Discs Large/Z0-1) domain-containing proteins such as Discs large protein 1 (DLG1) which is involved in cell polarity and proliferation. The ...

The HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax plays a key role in CD4+ T cell transformation by promoting cell proliferation and survival, mainly through permanent activation of the NK-κB pathway and induction of many NF-κB target genes. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism is therefore critical in understanding HTLV-1-mediated transformation. Current studies have suggested multiple but controversial me...

laffer curve indicates relationship between tax rate and tax income. the aim of this paper is estimating of laffer curve in iranian economy. to do so, we have used threshold regression method. empirical results indicate that since the tax rate is low (the threshold value is less than 0.0848) in two-regime model, tax rate and tax income have a significant positive relationship, but when the tax ...

This paper aims to estimate the consequences of an additional 20% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on health and health care expenditure. Participants were adult (aged > = 20) Australians alive in 2010, who were modelled over their remaining lifetime. We used lifetable-based epidemiological modelling to examine the potential impact of a 20% valoric tax on SSBs on total lifetime disabilit...

in order to estimate the effects of the macrc~econornic indicators on the income distribution of iran, the time series data during the period of 1971-1991 were used. first the yammetric inequality indicators (the gini coefficients) were estimated for the years 1991-1972. the results show the lowest level of inequality in 1980 with g=0.42 and the highest level in 1982 with g=0.55. arzulysing the...

International transfer pricing is pervasive in that it can apply to all manner of goods, services, finance and intangible assets which flow between members of a group located in different parts of the world. Fiscal authorities in many countries are modernising their legislation to ensure they collect a fair amount of corporate tax revenue from companies operating within their jurisdiction. Howe...

I. THE POTENTIAL OF REMITTANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182 R A. Direct Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183 R B. Indirect Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184 R C. Advantages Over Other Kinds of Assistance . . . . . 1185 R II. RIGHTS TO TAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11...

If pollution is observable, but some emissions cannot be verified by court, voluntary agreements between a regulator and an industry can be welfareimproving compared to second-best emission taxes. Such agreements differ from direct regulation in a non-trivial way. The first-best optimum may be included in the set of possible agreements, even if it is not attainable using tax instruments. The no...

Value-added tax (VAT) is the core transaction tax for most countries. It involves every process of production and consumption along the value chain, and requires not only administrative capacity on behalf of the government entity (revenue authority), but also on the part of the private sector through accounting and reporting. As such, the implementation and structure of the VAT have direct impl...