By dispersing seeds long distances, large, fruit-eating animals influence plant population spread and community dynamics. After fruit consumption, animal gut passage time movement determine seed dispersal patterns distances. These, in turn, are influenced by extrinsic, environmental variables intrinsic, individual-level variables. We simulated forest elephants ( Loxodonta cyclotis ) integrating...

we investigated the relations among infection intensity of european mistletoe (viscum album l.) with host tree features in nour forest park, located in caspian forests in north of iran. the number of 30 circular plots with an area of 0.1 ha were sampled in all places have an aggregation of infested trees. parameters including dbh, height, distance to stand edge, distance to conspecific tree, ba...

Recent evidence suggests that liana abundance and biomass are increasing in Neotropical forests, representing a major structural change to tropical ecosystems. Explanations for these increases, however, remain largely untested. Over an 8-yr period (1999–2007), we censused lianas in nine, 24 9 36 m permanent plots in old-growth and selectively logged forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa ...

Determining the efficient density for forest roads is essential to decrease the costs of skidding and road constructing in forestry plans. In order to estimate the optimal density for road network in Dalak kheyl forest district (Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries), we calculated the roading costs and hourly costs of Timber jack 450C and HSM 904 skidders. The length of skid trails was measured...

The mechanisms underlying responses of invertebrates to forest edges remain poorly understood. Here, we use an experimental approach to investigate the predation rates on butterflies in two neotropical forest fragments. Neither distance from forest edge nor degree of forest openness affected predation rates on artificial caterpillars. The mean predation rate of artificial caterpillars on Barro ...

Presettlement forest types were mapped as fuzzy sets from point data representing trees contained in General Land O ce survey notes (circa 1850) for Chippewa County, Michigan. The resulting representation agreed with a polygon map of the same forest types at 66% of the locations (represented as grid cells) in the county. Boundary vagueness was de® ned in relation to the slope of a linear funct...

Presettlement forest types were mapped as fuzzy sets from point data representing trees contained in General Land Office survey notes (ca.1850) for Chippewa County, Michigan. The resulting representation agreed with a polygon map of the same forest types at 66 percent of the locations (represented as grid cells) in the county. Boundary vagueness was defined in relation to the slope of a linear ...

—This paper describes our efforts in refining k-nearest neighbor forest attributes classification using U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis plot data and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery. The analysis focuses on FIA-defined forest type classification across St. Louis County in northeastern Minnesota. We outline three steps in the classifica...