The objective of this study was to develop and qualitatively evaluate a model predicting transmission of manure-borne pathogens between co-grazing cattle and wildlife. The developed addon module SIR that we coupled with SWAT model included the following new components: wildlife population changes, resource selection, dose-response, compartmental susceptible-infectiousrecovered (SIR) module and ...

The ability to stimulate the immune response of cattle and pigs offers a new means of disease intervention. This review discusses current in vivo experiments that have evaluated immunomodulators in cattle and pigs. Levamisole, thiabendazole, imuthiol, avridine, isoprinosine, bovine recombinant interferon, human recombinant interleukin-2, bovine recombinant interleukin-2 and various supplemental...

The introduction and wide use of artificial insemination in cattle in the 1950s led to a need for accurate parentage identification. Blood group determination by means of the newly emerging scientific discipline called immunogenetics provided the answer. A blood group laboratory was consequently established at Onderstepoort in 1956, initially concentrating on the production of blood typing reag...

BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus that affects cattle production worldwide and that can infect other ungulates such as cervids and even wild boar (Sus scrofa). It is believed that domestic livestock can become infected through contact with wild animals, though it is known that infection can spread among wild animals in the absence of contact with livestock. Little is...

Goats along with sheep have been reported to have the widest ecological distribution of any domestic livestock (Salem et al., 1982) and seem to be better adapted to hot environments than both sheep and cattle (Coop, 1982; ValezNauer et al., 1982). Bianca & Kunz (1978) reported that goats were more susceptible to heat stress than sheep and cattle as measured by a rise in body temperature outward...

During the 1960's beef cattle numbers in Australia increased by 54 percent from 11.6 million to 17.9 million (Coutts and Fernon 1971). The major expansion occurred in the high rainfall areas of Southern Australia, but substantial increases occurred in all beef cattle areas. Since 1970 more than 50% of Australia's beef and veal production was exported (Bureau of Agricultural Economics 1973), and...

Following several clinical cases of suspected bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) on three Namibian cattle farms, a serological survey was conducted on bovine, ovine, caprine and wild ruminant sera originating from different regions of the country. Neutralizing antibodies to BVD virus (BVDV) were detected in 58% of 1,014 cattle sera, 14% of 618 sheep sera and 4.6% of 1,118 goat sera. Sera from seven o...

Breeze RG, Pirie HM, Selmon IE, Wiseman A: Fog fever in cattle: cytology of the hyperplastic alveolar epithelium. J Comp Pathol85:147-156, 1975 Dungworth DL: The respiratory system. In: Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, and Palmer N, 3rd ed., vol. 2, pp. 413-487. Academic Press, New York, NY, 1985 Jones TC, Hunt RD: Veterinary Pathology, 5th ed., pp. 643-664. Lea and Febi...

Background: The importance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections in humans and animals in subSaharan Africa at the human-environment-livestock-wildlife interface has recently received increased attention. NTM are environmental opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Recent studies in pastoral ecosystems of Uganda detected NTM in humans with cervical lymphadenitis and cattle wi...

Ticks are economically the most important pests of cattle and other domestic species in tropical and subtropical countries. They are the vectors of a number of pathogenic microorganisms including protozoans (babesiosis, theileriosis), rickettsiae (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, typhus), viruses (e.g., Kyasanur Forest Disease reported from Karnataka State of India; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever r...