controlled drainage is one of the strategies to reduce negative environmental effects in conventional drainage systems. this study examines the effect of controlled drainage on quality and quantity of drainage water, specifically amounts of salt and nitrate in drainage water, and nitrate uptake by maize (sc 704) with sandy loam soil texture in karaj. the experiment was performed as a randomized...

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry worldwide. It occurs as a result of natural oxidation of sulphide minerals contained in mining wastes at operating and closed/decommissioned mine sites. AMD may adversely impact the surface water and groundwater quality and land use due to its typical low pH, high acidity and elevated concent...

Plants, by influencing water fluxes across the ecosystem–vadose zone–aquifer continuum, can leave an imprint on salt accumulation and distribution patterns. We explored how the conversion of native grasslands to oak plantations affected the abundance and distribution of salts on soils and groundwater through changes in the water balance in naturally salt-affected landscapes of Hortobagy (Hungar...

The concentrations of zinc and cadmium were determined in the sediment cores sampled from the floodplain and the channel in the middle reach of the Biała Przemsza River valley (southern Poland). The results were compared to the river water and groundwater chemistry in order to reveal the average extent of the hyporheic flow. The loss of river waters through the river bed due to the natural migr...

Two new species of Astyanax are described from eastern Brazil: A. microschemos from the córrego Palmital, rio Itapemirim drainage, Espírito Santo, and A. pelecus from the rio Pardo drainage, Bahia. Astyanax microschemos differs from its congeners by its shallower body depth, 26.9-29.7% of standard length, the presence of one vertically elongate humeral spot that extend above and below the later...

Humans rely on a variety of visual cues to inform them of the depth or range of a particular object or feature. Some cues are provided by physiological mechanisms, others from pictorial cues that are interpreted psychologically, and still others by the relative motions of objects or features induced by observer (or vehicle) motions. These cues provide different levels of information (ordinal, r...