Culture-based methods for fecal indicator microorganisms are the standard protocol to assess potential health risk from drinking water systems. However, these traditional fecal indicators are inappropriate surrogates for disinfection-resistant fecal pathogens and the indigenous pathogens that grow in drinking water systems. There is now a range of molecular-based methods, such as quantitative P...

background and aims: the main cause of many problems in developing countries is related to the provision of safe drinking water. since the health of drinking water is important in the busy centers such as hospitals, clinics and health centers, this study was done to investigate the role of water coolers connected to the municipal system in microbial quality of drinking water in behbahan city. m...

When compared to free chlorine, chloramines represent an established secondary disinfectant that may be utilized reduce disinfection by-product formation and improve residual stability. Maintaining acceptable in distribution systems however challenging due potential high maintenance costs associated with uni-directional flushing swabbing. This study was designed identify the primary sources of ...

BACKGROUND In January 2015, Berkeley, California became the first city in the Unites States to impose a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The tax is intended to discourage purchase of sugary beverages and promote consumption of healthier alternatives such as tap water. The goal of the study was to assess the condition of public drinking water fountains and determine if there is a difference in ...