In recent years, there have been important changes in antimicrobial therapy. New antimicrobials are available and a greater database of species-specific pharmacokinetic information is available, allowing for more accurate dosing with drugs. Antimicrobial drugs are the most widely prescribed and administered drugs in veterinary medicine. Unfortunately, they are not always used appropriately. In ...

The control of veterinary drug residues in milk is performed in Slovenia. The monitoring of antibiotic residues in milk began in 1977. In the last four-ye­ ar period (1995-1998) a total of 3358 samples were analysed and the majority of them (99.4 %) were negative. Antibiotics were found in only 19 samples. De­ termination of sulfonamides in milk was introduced in 1995. In four years we examined...

JAVMA, Vol 231, No. 10, November 15, 2007 T USDA considers game bird species to include grouse, guineafowl, partridges, pigeons (squabs), quail, pheasants, ducks, geese, and wild turkey. According to USDA regulations, although these game bird species may not be hunted in the wild for the purpose of being sold for human consumption, they may be sold for food when raised in captivity. In the Unit...

Concern over the presence of veterinary drug residues in food has been increasing world wide. Because of this concern the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has been involved on an international basis in efforts to develop food safety standards for veterinary drugs. The major thrust of the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CC/RVDF) has be...

human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitors comprise an important class of drugs used in hiv treatments. however, mutations of protease genes accelerated by low fidelity of reverse transcriptase yield drug resistant mutants of reduced affinities for the inhibitors. this problem is considered to be a serious barrier against hiv treatment for the foreseeable future. in this st...

This study was conducted to model the pattern of antibiotic drug uptake within yolks of developing follicles. In two separate experiments, 16 hens were divided into equal groups (n = 8) and injected only once with either 400 mg/kg ampicillin or 200 mg/kg oxytetracycline (OTC: total hens = 32) approximately 1 h after oviposition. Twenty-four hours following injections, hens were euthanatized and...

Violative drug residues in animal-derived foods are a global food safety concern. The use of a fixed main metabolite to parent drug (M/D) ratio determined in healthy animals to establish drug tolerances and withdrawal times in diseased animals results in frequent residue violations in food-producing animals. We created a general physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for representative dru...

This paper explores possibilities of applying enantiomeric profiling to solving problems related to estimation of drugs usage in communities via the sewage epidemiology approach: for the identification of whether drug residue results from consumption of illicit drug or metabolism of other drugs, verification of potency of used drugs and monitoring of changing patterns of drugs abuse. Due to the...

Mugachia, J C; Kanja, L; Gitau, F