In the presence of nuisance parameters, we derive an explicit higher order asymptotic formula to compare the expected lengths of conndence intervals given by likelihood ratio statistics arising from the usual proole likelihood and various adjustments thereof. Highest posterior density regions, with approximate frequentist validity, are also included in the study.

Question: What explains the differences in ratios of diploid (LR) and two types of triploid frogs (LLR, LRR) among all-hybrid frog populations? Hypothesis: Ecological conditions favouring one (LL) or the other (RR) parental species also favour those triploids that carry two copies of the respective genome (dosage effect), whereas diploids dominate under intermediate conditions. Organism: Europe...

Ecologists and natural resource managers struggle to define and relate biodiversity, biocomplexity, ecological integrity, ecosystem services, and related concepts; to describe effects of disturbance dynamics on biodiversity; and to understand how biodiversity relates to resilience, resistance, and stability of ecosystems and sustainability of resource conditions. Further diversifying this ‘‘lex...

Explaining the structure of terrestrial and aquatic food webs remains one of the most important challenges of ecological theory. Most existing models use emergent properties of food webs, such as diversity and connectance as parameters, to determine other food-web descriptors. Lower-level processes, in particular adaptation (whether by behavioral, developmental, or evolutionary mechanisms), are...

This paper introduces a view on planning that is based on interpreting objects not by their identity but by their functionality. Ecological psychologist J.J. Gibson’s concept of affordances provides the underlying theory for developing a system that does not distinguish between objects of functional equivalence. It will be argued that the plans resulting from this approach are both less complex...

A small refrigeration plant, for teaching refrigeration theory, used a control console built to traditional design guidelines: one output in the display for each sensor in the plant. This style of console is notorious for inducing high cognitive loads on operators and for displaying redundant data. Often the high cognitive load is the result of inconsistency between the intent for displaying th...

The goal of this paper is to propose a performance assessment for normally closed-loop type distribution power systems. Pilot relaying systems have been successfully applied to the protection scheme for normally closed-loop distribution systems in the Taiwan Power Company (Taipower). This paper demonstrates that the proposed protection scheme is extremely well designed, such that both the numbe...

Individuals with elevated social anxiety appear especially vulnerable to cannabis-related problems, yet little is known about the antecedents of cannabis-related behaviors among this high-risk population. The present study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the relations among social anxiety, cannabis craving, state anxiety, situational variables, and cannabis use in the natu...

One of the main theories in ecological psychology is the theory of affordances. Affordances are opportunities for action which are provided by the environment in which the action takes place and are action specific. So affordances describe how the environment allows, supports and constrains an action. The idea of studying the affordances can also be applied to sport, in this case to putting in ...

Biosphere 2 is a closed ecosystem located near Tucson, Arizona, designed for studying the interactions between different biological species among each other and with their materially closed controlled environment, taking into account the limited resources that such an environment provides. Energy considerations play a central role in how these interactions play out. To this end, bond graph mode...