We propose a unified description of two important phenomena: color confinement in large-$N$ gauge theory, and Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). focus on the confinement/deconfinement transition characterized by increase entropy from $N^0$ to $N^2$, which persists weak coupling region. Indistinguishability associated with symmetry group -- SU($N$) or O($N$) S$_N$ permutations system identical bo...

curvature coil IN 1924 the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose sent Einstein a paper in which he derived the Planck law for black-body radiation by treating the photons as a gas of identical particles. Einstein generalized Bose's theory to an ideal gas of identical atoms or molecules for which the number of particles is conserved and, in the same year, predicted that at sufficiently low temper...

Bose–Einstein condensation is the anomalous accumulation of particles in the ground state of a system of bosons, when compared with the population in a system of particles obeying classical statistics. I use undergraduate-level statistical mechanics and a symbolic algebra computer program to study the occupation numbers of the energy levels of a finite number of noninteracting particles confine...

The phenomenon of phase-coherent precession of magnetization in superfluid He and the related effects of spin superfluidity are based on the true Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons. Several different states of coherent precession have been observed in He-B: homogeneously precessing domain (HPD); persistent signal formed by Q-balls at very low temperatures; coherent precession with fractional...

We consider fermionic polar molecules in a bilayer geometry where they are oriented perpendicularly to the layers, which permits both low inelastic losses and superfluid pairing. The dipole-dipole interaction between molecules of different layers leads to the emergence of interlayer superfluids. The superfluid regimes range from BCS-like fermionic superfluidity with a high Tc to Bose-Einstein (...